CONJUNCTIONS
1)Paired Conjunctions
2(Adverbial clauses:
• Time • Manner • Cause • Purpose • Opposition & Contrast • Conditionals • Cause & Effect
3) Coordinating Clauses
• Adding & Repeating • Alternative • Result
4)Paired Conjunctions:
Both ….. and ….. • Not only ….. but also ….. • Either ….. or ….. (tercih gerektirir) • Neither ….. nor …..
Paired Conjunctions cümlede aynı görevi gören iki ögeyi birbirine baglar. Cümlede özne ya da nesne olarak
kullanılabilirler.
Both my brother and my sister are here.
All my students are both clever and hard-working.
Not only my brother but also my sister is here.
Not only My brother but also my parents are here.
I will either watch TV or read this evening. Either my parents or my sister is coming with me.
Neither my parents nor my sister is here. That book is neither interesting nor accurate.
Adverbial clauses:
• Time • Manner • Cause • Purpose • Opposition & Contrast • Conditionals • Cause & Effect
Adverbial clauses – Time:
AFTER
After I finished my work, I wrote a letter to my cousin.
After I had heard the news, I fainted.
She will work with us after she graduates.
BEFORE
I will leave before he comes. Before he came, I had left.
WHEN
When I arrived home, she was talking to someone on the phone.
When I see him tomorrow, I will give him the book.
WHILE
While we were studying, something exploded outside. While I was walking home, it began to rain.
AS
As he was getting out of the house, the police caught him.
*** As ve While, aynı anda olan iki eylemi birbirine baglar. Birbirini takip eden iki eylemi bu sözcüklerle birbirine
BAGLAYAMAYIZ. Böyle durumlarda WHEN baglacını kullanırız.
When I got out of the house, I noticed a police car.
As I got out of the house, I noticed a police car. WRONG
While I got out of the house, I noticed a police car. WRONG
*** While – whereas (oysa – halbuki) ve although (-e ragmen) anlamlarında da kullanılır.
Tom is outgoing and confident while Jane is shy and quiet.
OR Tom is outgoing and confident whereas Jane is shy and quiet.
Tom is outgoing and confident but Jane is shy and quiet.
BY THE TIME
By the time you arrive in istanbul, I will have left for Ankara.
UNTIL
We stayed there until we finished our work.
They will stay here until it stops raining.
Until she came here, she hadn’t seen him before.
*** By the time police arrived, they had killed the woman.
By burada until anlamında kullanılıyor. Tek basına until KULLANILMAZ çünkü until süreklilik gösterir ve cümlemizdeki
the woman polis gelene kadar sürekli öldürülemez!
AS SOON AS
As soon as it stops raining, we will go out.
The phone stopped ringing as soon as she got out of the bath.
NO SOONER ….. THAN …..
I had no sooner seen her than I changed my way.
OR
No sooner had I seen her than I changed my way.
He had no sooner closed his eyes than the phone rang.
OR
No sooner had he closed his eyes than the phone rang.
HARDLY ….. WHEN / SCARCELY ….. WHEN ….. (as soon as)
The film had hardly started started when the lights went off.
OR
Hardly the film started when the lights went off.
OR
Scarcely the film started when the lights went off.
*** As long as, hem (+) hem (–) cümlelerde kullanılır.
So long as ise sadece (–) cümlelerde kullanılır!
You can go anywhere you like as long as you come back before 7.
I will never see him again as long as I live.
OR
I will never see him again so long as I live.
WHENEVER (no matter when / everytime)
Whenever she sees me, ahe asks for money.
No matter when you come, you can find them in the café.
OR
Everytime you come, you can find them in the café.
THE FIRST / NEXT / LAST TIME
The next time I got to New York, I will visit my cousin.
I watched two operas the last time I went to London.
Adverbial clauses – Manner:
AS IF / AS THOUGH
Bu yapılar birinin ya da bir seyin nasıl göründügünü, ya da bir kisinin ne hissettigini belitmek için kullanılır.
The house seemed as if noone lived in.
OR
The house seemed as though noone lived in.
You seem as if you haven’t slept.
OR
You seem as though you haven’t slept.
I took my umbrella with me, because it looked as if it was going to rain.
OR
I took my umbrella with me, because it looked as though it was going to rain.
Look
Seem
Taste
Feel + as if / as though
Sound
Smell
Bu yapı birinin bir seyi nasıl yaptıgını belirtmek için de kullanılır.
When I told about my plans, they looked at me as if I was mad.
He was running as though he was running for his life.
*** as if / as though + Past Tense yapısı günümüzü anlatır. Gerçek olmayan hayali bir duruma deginir, benzetme yapar.
He speaks as if he were American. (was da diyebilirdik ama were kullanılması daha uygun)
He is only 20. but he looks as if he was 35.
*** as if / as though + to infinitive:
He opened his mouth as if to say something important.
More examples:
He smells as if he hasn’t had a bath for weeks.
They ate everything as if they hadn’t eaten anything for days.
She looked as if she was going to throw the plate in her hand to her husband’s head.
The farmer speaks to his animals as if they were human beings.
AS + NOUN
She started working as a teacher in 2001.
AS + SUBJECT + NOUN (like + noun)
They came early as they promised.
Adverbial clauses – Cause:
BECAUSE / SO
Cümleler arasında neden – sonuç iliskisi olmalı.
RESULT + BECAUSE + CAUSE
CAUSE + SO + RESULT
It started to rain so we stopped playing tennis.
We stopped playing tennis because it started to rain.
BECAUSE OF + NOUN or BECAUSE OF + Ving
He couldn’t walk fast because of his aching leg.
Because of her low grades, she can’t aplly to Harvard.
BECAUSE OF THE FACT THAT + CLAUSE
I decided to stay at home because of the fact that there was an awful storm.
SINCE (because)
She couldn’t go to school since she was ill.
AS (because)
As she had read the book before, she could answer the questions easily.
FOR (because)
My aunt doesn’t go out in winter for she hates cold weather.
*** For, because anlamında kullanıldıgında cümle basına YAZILMAZ.
DUE TO / OWING TO + NOUN
DUE TO / OWING TO + GERUND
The flight was postponed due to the bad weather.
OR The flight was postponed owing to the bad weather.
DUE TO THE FACT THAT / OWING TO THE FACT THAT + CLAUSE
Due to the fact that he was driving carelessly, he had a bad accident.
ON ACCOUNT OF / IN VIEW OF + NOUN
ON ACCOUNT OF / IN VIEW OF + Ving
On account of some problems, it was useless to go on.
OR In view of some problems, it was useless to go on.
ON ACCOUNT OF THE FACT THAT / IN VIEW OF THE FACT THAT + CLAUSE
On the account of the fact that there were big problems, we decided to break up.
NOW THAT
Now that you are an adult, you should give up these childish behaviours.
IN THAT (because, since)
The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.
INASMUCH AS (because)
Inasmuch as the two government leaders can’t reach an agreement, possibilities for peace are stil remote.
SEEING THAT
Seeing that you are all here, I can give you a quiz
Adverbial clauses – Purpose:
IN ORDER TO + V1
I seemed as if I agreed with her in order not to upset her.
We shouted (in order) to warn everybody.
In order to cure agresiveness of a child, the parents are advised to show tenderness to them.
SO AS TO + V1
I stood up so as to see more clearly. He left the gun outside so as not to scare the children.
FOR + NOUN
He went to the supermarket for a bread. (to buy a bread anlamında)
We shouted for warning everybody. = XXX yanlıs kullanım.
LEST (for fear that) *** SHOULD ile kullanılır
Some students don’t get general exams lest they should get low marks.
My sister doesn’t smoke at home lest my father should see her.
IN CASE (olasılık veya sakınma anlatır)
Jack is a football refree. He wears two watches during matches in case one them stops.
*** Genelde IN CASE baglacından sonra bir modal KULLANILMAZ. Kullanılırsa da, SHOULD veya CAN kullanılır.
Future + IN CASE + Simple Present
I don’t want to go out this evening in case he calls me.
Present Perfect
We have put a burglar alarm to the door in case someone tries to get in.
Simple Past + IN CASE + Simple Past OR Past Perfect
I wrote the name of the street in case I forgot it.
I rang the bell again and again in case they hadn’t heard it the first time.
IN CASE OF + NOUN (GROUP)
In case of fire, leave the building immediately.
In case of an emergency, dial 999.
SO THAT (olsun diye, olması için – amaç anlatır)
Present Tense + SO THAT + can / will / shall / may * may = will probably anlamında
The criminals usually call from public phones so that tje police won’t trace the call.
I am turning the heater on so that the house will be warm when they come.
Past Tense + SO THAT + could / would / should / might * might = would probably anlamında
He wore glasses and false moustache so that noone could recognize him.
They wrote the notices in different languages so that tourists could understand them easily.
IN ORDER THAT + CLAUSE
The police often risk their lives in order that we (may) live safely.
In order that the car behind overtook me, I reduced the spit.
I spoke in Japanese in order that the man didn’t understand me.
He wrote his diary in codes in case his wife might read it.
OR
He wrote his diary in codes in case his wife wouldn’t read it.
Adverbial clauses – Opposition & Contrast:
(BUT – HOWEVER – NEVERTHELESS – NONETHELESS – YET – STILL) + CLAUSE
Studies show that cigarette smoking can cause lung cancer, however millions of people stil continue to smoke.
He studied hard, yet he couldn’t pass the exam.
He is an honest politician. Nevertheless I won’t vote for him since I don’t agree with his foreign policy.
(ALTHOUGH – EVEN THOUGH – THOUGH – MUCH AS) + CLAUSE
Although studies show that smoking can cause lung cancer, millions of people stil continue to smoke.
Even though he studied hard, he couldn’t pass the exam.
Though he is an honest politician, I won’t vote for him since I don’t agree with his foreign policy.
*** Though baglacını cümle sonunda da kullanabiliriz. Böyle durumlarda anlamı BUT olur.
The house wasn’t very nice. I liked the garden, though.
IN SPITE OF / DESPITE + NOUN (GROUP) or GERUND
In spite of the difference in their age, they are close friends.
Despite the heavy rain, the footballers were able to play well.
*** In spite of ve Despite baglaçlarından sonra THE FACT THAT yapısı gelirse, ardından CÜMLE gelir.
In spite of the fact that the traafic was terrible, we managed to arrive on time.
Despite the fact that he had injured his leg, he insisted on playing.
More examples:
I failed in the exam despite I studied hard.
In spite of my qualifications, I couldn’t get the job.
Despite the fact that his English is very good, he has difficulty in understanding.
HOWEVER (it doesn’t matter how)
- Her nasıl olursa olsun, fark etmez = no matter how
You may do it however you like. - However + Adjective + Clause OR However + Adverb + Clause = her ne kadar
However handsome he is, I will never marry him since he is stupid.
However much she eats, she never gets fat.
NO MATTER + QUESTION WORD:
No matter what they do to us, we will always be together forever.
No matter who comes, tell them I am out.
EVEN SO / EVEN IF (….. olsa bile)
The book has many ommisions even so it is interesting.
WHEREAS: (oysa, halbuki)
I am poor whereas you are rich. As a result we can not get married.
ON THE OTHER HAND:
On the one hand it is beautiful, on the other hand it is expensive.
ON THE CONTRARY:
He didn’t stay home; on the contrary, he went out with his friends.
Adverbial clauses – Conditionals:
ON CONDITION (THAT) (….. sartıyla, ….. kosuluyla)
On condition that you keep your promise, I will help you.
ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT (….. sartıyla, ….. kosuluyla)
On the understanding that you work on Saturday, I will give you a day off.
EVEN IF (….. olsa bile)
Even if it rains, we will go there.
BUT FOR + NOUN (….. olmasaydı)
But for the storm, we were able to get there on time.
SUPPOSING (THAT) (varsayalım ki / diyelim ki)
Supposing that you couldn’t speak English, what would you do?
IN THE EVENT THAT (….. oldugu takdirde, eger olursa)
In the event that you need me, I will bi in my office.
Adverbial clauses – Cause & Effect:
SO + ADJECTIVE + THAT or SO + ADVERB+ THAT
SUCH + ADJECTIVE + NOUN + THAT
He dressed so quickly that he put his shoes on the wrong feet.
The weather was so lovely that we spent all day at the seaside.
Sometimes she says such foolish things that I don’t listen to her.
SO + MUCH / LITTLE / MANY / FEW + NOUN + THAT
She made so many mistakes in the exam that she failed.
Coordinating Clauses
• Adding & Repeating • Alternative • Result
Coordinating Clauses – Adding & Repeating:
MOREOVER / FURTHERMORE / WHAT’S MORE (ayrıca, ek olarak, dahası, bundan baska)
I want you to give my boks back. Moreover, I don’t want you to borrow them again.
THANKS TO (sayesinde)
Thanks to your help, we were successful.
Thanks to Jane, I got the job.
BESIDES (yanı sıra, bundan baska)
I don’t like your new car, besides it is very expensive.
IN ADDITION (ek olarak)
In addition + Clause OR In addition to + Noun
We saw many interesting places on our tour. In addition we met some nice people.
Coordinating Clauses – Alternative:
OR / OR ELSE / OTHERWISE (ya da, aksi takdirde)
We have to find new sources of good, otherwise the country will starve.
Leave my house at once or I will call the police. *** at once = immediately (bir an önce)
IN OTHER WORDS (baska bir deyisle)
Learning English is not easy, in other words one should study regularly to be successful.
He explained whole documnet to me, in other words he went over it word by word.
ALTERNATIVELY (ya da)
You may buy the book if you like. Alternatively you can borrow it for a week.
Coordinating Clauses – Result:
SO / THEREFORE / THAT’S WHY / CONSEQUENTLY / FOR THIS REASON / THUS
(sonuç olarak, bu yüzden, bundan dolayı, bu sebeple)
Animals are useful to man, so we shouldn’t destroy them.
I can’t speak French, that’s why I didn’t like the trip to Tolouse.
I can speak German, for this reason I could understand what he said.
HENCE (bundan dolayı, bu nedenle)
It started to rain and I didn’t have my umbrella. Hence I go wet till I arrived home.
AS A RESULT (sonuç olarak)
As a result + Clause OR As a result of + Noun
As a result of heavy rain, I got wet.
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