Bir gerund ya da infinitive, cümlede isim gibi işlev gören fiildir. İsimlerin kullanıldığı özne, nesne vb. durumunda kullanılır. Gerund *, bir fiil köküne “-ing” takısının eklenmesiyle elde edilir: swimming, reading, playing football, having to get up early, etc.
Swimming is my favourite sport.
I like reading contemporary books.
Having to get up early won’t bother me at all.
Infinitive ise fiilin başına to getirerek ya da fiili yalın haliyle kullanarak elde edilir: to learn English, to climb the mountain, to be able to speak English fluently, etc.
It isn’t so difficult to learn English.
To climb to the top of the mountain won’t be easy.
To be able to speak English fluently is desired by every learner.
I will let you go soon.
The film made everybody cry.
1- GERUNDS
1-1 GERUND AS SUBJECT OF A SENTENCE
Gerund, bir cümlenin ya da bir yan cümlenin öznesi olarak kullanılır. Bu özne tek bir sözcükten (simple gerund: swimming, reading, etc.) yada bir sözcük grubundan (gerund phrase: listening to the news, having the necessary qualifications, etc.) oluşabilir.
Reading is essential to broaden one’s horizons.
Cooking is my mother’s favourite work.
Teasing animals is cruel.
Having to work hard all the time can strain one’s nerves.
Eating too much makes people fat.
I think that eating a balanced diet will help you to slim healthily.
After some time she realized that living in a foreign country was rather distressing.
Bir cümlenin öznesi gerund ise, yüklemi tekil bir fiilden oluşur (is, was, does etc.). Ancak, iki gerund and ile bağlanıyorsa, o öznenin içinde birden fazla öğe bulunduğu için, yüklem çoğul bir fiilden oluşur (are, were, do, etc.).
Being interested in books is a good quality.
Giving severe punishments to children is unfair.
Swimming and running are my favourite sports.
Ironing and washing the dishes are the most boring jobs for me.
* Gerund ile present participlearasındaki ayrana dikkat ediniz.
Gerund “-ing” takısı ile bir fiil kökünden elde edilmiş isimdir.
Swimming can help you to slim.
Present participle ise fiilin, sürerlilik bildiren tense’lerle çekimlenirken “-ing” takısı almasıdır.
The children are swimming in the sea.
İki gerund but ya da or ile bağlanıyorsa, yine tekil fiil alır.
Living in the same house but not sharing the household duties shows her irresponsibility.
Walking but not running is advisable to those who are suffering from heart diseases.
Reading a book for a while or listening to slow music gives relaxation after a hard day’s work.
Gerund’ı olumsuz yapmak için başına not getirilir.
Not being aware of the facts can’t be regarded as an excuse.
His not wanting to come with us surprised us all.
The government’s not taking strict measures against the increasing interest rates will destroy our economy.
1-2 GERUND AS SUBJECT COMPLEMENT
Bir gerund be fiilinden sonra gelerek özneyi tanımlayan bir sözcük olabilir.
My biggest problem at work now is having to deal with too many people every day.
Their favourite pastime is watching television.
What he is most interested in is driving at high speed.
Her biggest dream is having a more affectionate mother.
The quality needed in this job is being polite all the time.
1-3 GERUND AS DIRECT OBJECT
Bazı fiiller, kendilerinden sonra gelen fiili gerund biçiminde alırlar. Gerund bu cümlelerde nesne olarak işlev görür.
I’m afraid I have to delay going on holiday.
I enjoy walking by the sea very much.
You can go out when you’ve finished doing your homework.
Bu şekilde yaygın olarak kullanılan fiiller şunlardır:
admit delay involve recollect (remember)
anticipate deny keep recommend
appreciate detest mean remember
avoid discuss mention resent
can’t help dislike mind resist
can’t stand enjoy miss risk
complete excuse * postpone stop
consider finish practise suggest
contemplate forgive quit tolerate
defer imagine recall (remember) understand *
Examples :
He admitted stealing his mother’s silver tray but denied selling it for drugs.
I appreciate being with friends.
He avoided looking at me while I was criticising him.
I can’t help feeling sorry when I see small children in the street begging for money.
I excused her taking my dress without my permission.
I miss our gathering round my grandmother and listening to her war tales.
They had to postpone giving a party because of the car accident their son had.
In order to improve your English, you should practise speaking it whenever possible.
You have to quit eating too much if you want to slim.
I don’t recall meeting you before.
I resented not receiving an invitation to the party.
Though she is on a strict diet, she sometimes can’t resist eating dessert.
You risk losing all your money in that business.
I suggest going for a walk instead of playing cards here.
My parents won’t tolerate lying.
The Possessive + Gerund
Bir gerund’ın önünde iyelik sıfatı (possessive adjective : my, your, his, our, Ali’s, my father’s, my sisters’, etc.) kullanılır. Ancak günlük dilde possessive yerine object pronoun da kullanılır (me, you, him, Ali, my father, my sisters, etc.).
Formal : I will never forgive Jack’s scolding me in public.
I will never forgive his scolding me in public.
Informal : I will never forgive Jack scolding me in public.
I will never forgive him scolding me in public.
Bir gerund’m önünde possessive kullanıldığı zaman, genellikle anlamda bir değişme olur.
I admit being guilty.
Suçlu olduğumu kabul ediyorum.
(Suçlu olan ve kabul eden: ben)
I admit his being guilty.
Onun suçlu olduğunu kabul ediyorum.
(Kabul eden: ben, suçlu olan: o)
I dislike interrupting people working very hard.
Yoğun bir şekilde çalışan insanların işini bölmekten hoşlanmıyorum.
I dislike your interrupting people working very hard.
Yoğun bir şekilde çalışan insanların işini bölmenden hoşlanmıyorum.
* Bu fiiller gerund’dan önce iyelik sıfatı kullanmayı gerektirirler,
I will excuse his coming late.
I don’t understand your leaving so early.
1-4 GERUND AS THE OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION
Bir preposition’dan sonra isim gelir. Bu nedenle bir preposition’dan sonra gelen fiil gerund biçimindedir.
I’m interested in music.
I’m interested in listening to music.
She is afraid of the dark.
She is afraid of going out in the dark.
I object to his proposal.
I object to doing the job as he proposed.
I’m looking forward to my holiday.
I’m looking forward to having my holiday soon.
Son iki örnekte, to dan sonra gerund kullanımına dikkat ediniz. Bu örneklerde to, infinitive’in bir bölümü değil, preposition’dur. Bu nedenle kendinden sonra gerund gelir.
1- I want a book on pollution.
I want to read a book on pollution.
2- I object to your offer.
I object to having the meeting at such a late hoar.
Yukarıdaki örneklerden birincisinde, “want“ın kendine ait bir preposition’ı yoktur. Bu nedenle kendinden sonra direk nesne alır (want a newspaper, want a job, etc.) Ancak “want“tan sonra fiile geçerken to ile geçilir, yani to + infinitive gelir, (want to buy, want to sleep, etc.)
İkinci örnekte ise to “object” fiiline bağlı bir preposition’dır. Bu nedenle, “object”den sonra bir nesneye geçerken de to kullanılır. Fiil ise gerund biçiminde gelir.
Preposition’ı to olan yaygın yapılar şunlardır:
Preposition + Gerund yapısını üç bölümde inceleyebiliriz.
a) Verb + Preposition + Gerund
b) Adjective -r Preposition + Gerund
c) Nouıı + Preposition + Gerund
a) Verb + Preposition + Gerund
Bir preposition ile birlikte kullanılan fiilleri iki gruba ayırabiliriz.
1- Verb + Preposition + Gerund
| abstain from | He now has to abstain | from | drinking alcohol. |
| apologise for ^ | I apologised | for | being late. |
| adjust to | You will have to adjust | to | eating English meals when you go there. |
| approve/disapprove of x | Do you approve | of | her staying out so late? |
| argue about | Last night, we argued | about | her staying out so late. |
| believe in | I really believe | in | working hard for World Peace. |
| care about | Do you care | about | being well-dressed? |
| care for | I don’t care | for | going to that film. |
| comment on | I don’t want to comment | on | his solving the problem. |
| complain about | He always complains | about | having too much work. |
| concentrate on | You have to concentrate | on | improving your vocabulary. |
| consist of | Being a good student consists | of | studying regularly. |
| deal with | I want to deal | with | redecorating the house first. |
| decide against | Seeing the cold weather, we decided | against | going on a day out. |
| depend on (upon) | To pass the exam depends | on | your studying hard. |
| dream of | He has always dreamed | of | being a famous actor someday. |
| feel like | I feel | like | having a short trip. |
| forget about | She is trying to forget | about | being deceived by him. |
| insist on | Do you still insist | on | wearing that funny tie? |
| look forward to | What are you looking forward | to | doing most? |
| object to | Why do you always object | to | my wearing jeans? |
| participate in | I want to participate | in | formulating the budget. |
| plan on | What do you plan | on | doing this weekend? |
| refer to | In his speech, the chairman referred | to | expanding the firm into the Middle East. |
| take advantage of | We should take advantage | of | living in a big city. |
| talk about | Last night, we talked | about | economizing to keep up with the increasing prices. |
| think about/of | She is thinking | about | spending a year in England to improve her English. |
| succeed in | Are you sure you’ll succeed | in | persuading your father? |
| worn’ about | Don’t worry | about | my working so hard |
2- Verb + Object + Preposition + Gerund
| accuse someone of | They accused | the mail | of | robbing the bank. |
| apologise to someone for | She apologised | to me | for | being late. |
| arrest someone for | They arrested | the guard | for | helping the robbers. |
| blame someone for | I blamed | her | for | making me late. |
| charge someone with | Thev will charge | him | with | falsifying the accounts. |
| complain to someone about | 1 complained | to the owner | about | hassling us for the rent. |
| congratulate someone on | I congratulated | him | on | being the top student. |
| deter someone from | The storm deterred | the climbers | from | going on their climb. |
| devote oneself to | She devoted | herself | to | bringing up her children. |
| discourage someone from | Someone discouraged | her | from | going in for the beauty contest. |
| forgive someone for | I can’t forgive | him | for | lying to me. |
| involve someone in | They didn’t involve | their father | in | fighting their rivals. |
| keep someone from | By speaking too loudly they kept | |||
| me | from | studying. | ||
| prevent someone from -• | What prevented | him | from | leaving on holiday? |
| punish someone for | You shouldn’t punish | the child | for | stealing the candy. |
| stop someone from | Her cold attitude stopped | |||
| me | from | making friends with her. | ||
| suspect someone of | They suspected | him | of | betraying hispartners. |
| thank someone for | I want to thank | them | for | helping me to find |
| accommodation. | ||||
| warn someone about/against | We warned | the children | against | going too near the lake. |
| We warned | the children | about | playing too near the lake. |
Bu fuller passive durumda çok sık kullanılırlar.
They accused the man of robbing the bank.
The man was accused of robbing the bank.
The doctor warned me against smoking so heavily.
I was warned against smoking so heavily.
They discouraged her from going abroad for her education.
She was discouraged from going abroad for her education.
The customers blame me for delaying their orders.
I am blamed by the customers for delaying their orders.
They suspected the man at the corner of being a thief.
The man at the corner was suspected of being a thief.
The dense fog deterred me from driving my car to work.
I was deterred by the dense fog from driving my car to work.
Everybody in the firm congratulated the manager on his being promoted to accounts director.
The manager was congratulated by everybody in the firm on his being promoted to accounts director.
She devoted herself to providing even possible advantage for her children.
She was devoted to providing even’ possible advantage for her children.
b) Adjective + Preposition + Gerund
Pek çok sıfat bir preposition ile birlikte kullanılır ve bu preposition’dan sonra bir isim ya da gerund gelir. Sıfatlarla cümle kurarken yaygın olarak kullanabileceğimiz fiiller şunlardır: be, seem, appear, remain, look, become, get, feel.
Your younger son seems very good at drawing.
Are you interested in taking photographs?
Though I tried to comfort her, she remained concerned about not hearing from her son.
You are certainly capable of doing much better work.
After the resignation of the manager’s secretary, Mrs Brown became responsible for carrying out her duties.
Bu şeklide yaygın olarak kullanılan sıfatlar şunlardır:
accustomed to different from feel guilty for/about sorry about
afraid of essential to/for be guilty of successful in
angry at excellent in/at incapable of suitable for
appropriate for excited about interested in sure of (about)
ashamed of exposed to jealous of surprised at
aware of famous for keen on terrified of
bored with fed up with lazy about tired of (from)
capable of fond of opposed to used to (accustomed to)
concerned about generous about proud of worried about
content with good at responsible for happy about
delighted at grateful to sb. for similar to
NOTES:
Tired of, bir şeyden bıkmak, sıkılmak anlamına gelir. (=bored with, fed up with) Tired from, bir
işten dolayı yorulmak anlamındadır.
I’m tired of waiting for the bus to come. Let’s take a taxi.
I think I’m getting old. I’m beginning to feel tired from working so hard.
Good at kullanımına benzer şekilde bad at, hopeless at, brilliant at, quick at, slow at gibi yapılar da kullanabiliriz.
She is quite quick at writing compositions in English but rather slow at speaking.
You can rely on that carpenter. He is brilliant at doing his job.
Be/get used to doing (be/get accustomed to doing) ile geçmişteki alışkanlıklarımızı ifade ettiğimiz “used to do” kalıbı arasındaki ayrıma dikkat ediniz.
I’m used to drinking coffee as soon as I get up in the morning. (Sabah kalkar kalkmaz kahve içmeye alışkınım.)
The job seemed rather difficult to me at first, but later I got used to working there.
(Önceleri iş bana oldukça zor geldi ama daha sonra orada çalışmaya alıştım.)
You will have to get used to doing your chores on your own when you leave your family.
(Ailenizden ayrılınca işlerinizi kendi başınıza yapmaya alışmak zorunda kalacaksınız.)
She has been used to living alone since her husband’s death.
My mother used to do my chores for me when I lived with them, but after I left my family, I had to do them by myself. (Ailemle birlikte otururken işlerimi annem yapardı.)
I used to smoke more when I was at university, but now I smoke less. (Üniversitedeyken daha çok sigara içerdim ama…)
She used to be quite slim before she got married. (Evlenmeden önce oldukça zayıftı.)
Noun + Preposition + Gerund
Bazı isimler kendilerinden sonra bir preposition + gerund yapısıyla kullanılırlar. Bazıları da hem kendinden önce hem de kendinden sonra preposition alabilirler. Bu şekilde yaygın olarak kullanılan yapılar şunlardır:
| on account of | ….. yüzünden |
| in case of | ….. durumunda |
| * difficulty in | ….. sıkıntı çekmek |
| in addition to | ….. ilaveten, yanı sıra |
| * in charge of | ….. ile yükümlü |
| * in danger of | ….. tehlikesiyle karşı karşıya |
| in exchange for | ….. karşılık olarak |
| excuse for | ….. mazereti olmak |
| in favour of | ….. lehinde olmak, taraftar olmak |
| for fear of | ….. korkusuyla |
| * in the habit of | ….. alışkanlığında olmak |
| in return for | ….. karşılık olarak |
| instead of | …..yerine |
| interest in | ….. ilgisi olmak |
| in the course of | ….. sırasında, esnasında |
| in the middle of | ….. ortasında |
| need for | ….. olan gereksinim |
| reason for | ….. nedeni |
| for the sake of | ……hatırı için, ….. uğruna |
| in spite of | ….. rağmen |
| * technique for | ….. nın tekniği |
| the point of | ….. nın gereği, ….. nın anlamı (yok) |
| * on the point of | ….. yapmak üzere olmak |
NOTES:
Bu yapılan kullanırken, gerund’un başında possessive adjective (my, your, his, etc.) yaygın olarak kullanılır. (Başında yıldız bulunan yapılarla possessive kullanılmaz.)
I’m not in favour of your going abroad for education.
In exchange for your taking the time to help me, I want to do something for you.
I have a great interest in his singing.
The point of, bir şeyi yapmanın gereği, anlamı demektir ve daha çok olumsuz biçimde kullanılır (bir gereği/anlamı yok).
The road is winding. I don’t understand the point of your driving so fast.
Bu yapı there is kalıbıyla, “there is no/isn’t any point in doing” biçiminde de kullanılır.
There is no point in waiting for him any more. He won’t come. (Onu daha fazla beklemenin bir anlamı yok.)
On the point of doing, “be about to do” (…yapmak üzere olmak) anlamındadır.
I was on the point of leaving home when the phone rang. I was about to leave home when the phone rang.
“Have difficulty in”, preposition almadan da kullanılır ve yine, kendinden sonra gerund alır. Difficult’ın önünde no, little, less, much, more, great gibi sözcükler kullanarak, zorluğun derecesini azaltabilir ya da çoğaltabiliriz. Have difficulty ile aynı anlamda have trouble/have a hard time/have a difficult time doing something yapılarını da kullanabiliriz.
I had great difficulty (in) finding a flat at a price I could afford.
You will have no difficulty/won’t have any difficulty (in) answering the questions about the prepositions if you learn all of them by heart.
EXAMPLES:
We were late for the concert on account of your taking too much time to get dressed.
I can only afford to look after myself now, but in case of my parents’ needing any help, I’d go short myself.
Do you think I’ll have much difficulty (in) adjusting to British culture?
In addition to working in an office during the day, she is attending English courses in the evenings.
You are in charge of meeting the customers and making them feel comfortable.
You are in danger of losing all your money.
In exchange for borrowing this book from you, I can lend you one of mine.
Do you have a good excuse for being late?
I’m in favour of taking strict measures against drunken driving.
We went in quietly for fear of waking the others at home.
I’m not in the habit of going to bed very late.
Will you get anything in return for helping them?
Let’s watch the film on TV instead of playing cards.
She has a great interest in learning about other cultures.
There was great chaos in the course of the minister’s speaking to the public.
When they heard a sound like a bomb exploding, the professor stopped speaking right in the middle of giving his lecture.
Can you tell me what is the need for your working so hard?
The reason for his not being able to get up early is that he goes to bed too late.
Everybody must do whatever they can for the sake of realizing World Peace.
She has difficulty (in) making ends meet in spite of earning a big salary.
If you want to improve, your writing skills, you should learn the techniques for writing good paragraphs.
I don’t see the point of buying a second car. We share the present one with no problems.
They were on the point of leaving the office when it started to rain heavily.
1-5 EXPRESSIONS + GERUND
It’s no use / It’s no good … (… bir yararı yok)
It’s no use trying to conceal what you have just done. I saw you.
It’s no good trying to persuade my father. He won’t allow me to come with you.
There is no point in … (… bir anlamı yok)
There is no point in running for the train. It must have left by now.
There was no point in waiting for him in front of the cinema after the film had started, so I went in.
It’s worth … / It’s not worth … (… yapmaya değer / … yapmaya değmez)
I don’t think it’s worth mending this pullover. It’s already worn-out.
– Have you watched the film “Bodyguard”?
– Yes, it’s worth seeing. The music, especially, is wonderful.
This book isn’t worth reading. Its plot is nonsense.
I think you should consider their offer. Their offer is worth considering.
A waste of time / money / energy … (… zaman / para / enerji kaybı)
It’s a waste of money buying things more than you need.
It’s a waste of time trying to do all this work by yourself. You can ask for help.
Spend / waste (time, money, energy) … (… yaparak vakit geçirmek / para, enerji harcamak / vaktini, enerjini, parayı boşa harcamak)
Yesterday, I spent the whole day cleaning the house.
He usually spends hours trying to repair things.
You waste a lot of time watching those ridiculous series on TV.
She wasted a large amount of money buying furniture last year, and now she is redecorating her house again.
Small nations waste a lot of money buying arms.
Without doing … (… yapmadan, … yapmaksızın)
Don’t go out without putting on your coat. It’s rather cold outside.
I got really surprised when she went past me without greeting me.
She never leaves home without kissing her parents.
By doing … (… yaparak)
By doing, temel cümledeki eylemi nasıl yaptığımızı açıklar.
She passed the university exam by studying very hard. (Çok çalışarak sınavı geçti.)
I’m very short of time. I can only catch the bus by running fast.
They are trying to stabilize the economy by increasing taxes, but I’m afraid it won’t work.
Because it can’t speak, a baby makes its needs known by crying.
Go + gerund
Pek çok aktivite, özellikle sportif olaylar için go + gerund kullanılır. Bunlardan yaygın olarak kullanılanlar şunlardır:
go shopping go hiking
go swimming (go for a swim) go hunting
go running (go for a run) go sightseeing
go camping go skating
go fishing go skiing
I went shopping yesterday, so I wasn’t at home in the afternoon.
My husband and my son are very fond of catching fish, so they often go fishing along the Bosphorus.
My favourite sport is running. I often go running along the seashore early in the morning.
Busy doing something (birşeyi yapmakla meşgul olmak)
The students were busy talking when I entered the classroom.
In this season, the peasants are very busy harvesting their crops.
Don’t disturb her. She is busy compiling the information for her graduation thesis.
Busy’den sonra direk bir isim geliyorsa, isimden önce with kullanılır.
She is busy with her homework.
Theyare busy with their financial problems these days.
The students were busy with the experiment when the teacher came into the laboratory.
Have fun / have a good time doing
We had fun telling each other our childhood memories.
My sister in England says in her letter that she is having a good time there visiting interesting places and meeting people from various cultures.
Sit / stand / lie + expression of place + gerund
After the guests left, I lay in bed reading until I got sleepy.
I stood there, in front of the cinema, waiting in vain for him to come.
After breakfast, father usually sits in his armchair reading the newspaper.
1-6 THE PERFECT GERUND
Yüklem ile gerund’ı, gerçekleştikleri zaman açısından karşılaştırdığımızda, eğer gerund yüklemden önce gerçekleşmişse, simple gerund (doing) yerine perfect gerund (having done) kullanabiliriz.
The thief admitted that he had stolen the car.
(Arabayı çalmış olması (had stolen), yüklemden (admitted) daha önce gerçekleşmiştir.)
The thief admitted stealing / having stolen the car.
At the court, the headmaster denied hitting / having hit the child.
He was accused of embezzling / having embezzled a large sum of money into his own account.
I appreciated your helping / having helped me.
Perfect gerund kullanımı admit ve deny fiilleri ile yaygındır. Diğer fiillerle simple gerund tercih edilir.
1-7 THE PASSIVE GERUND
Passive’in temel kuralı be + past participle (be done) olduğu için, kendinden sonra gerund alan fiiller, bu passive yapıyı being done biçiminde alır.
I have been invited to the party. I appreciate this.
I appreciate being invited to the party.
(Partiye davet edilmek hoşuma gitti.)
Bu kullanımlarda yüklemin active, gerund’ın passive olduğuna dikkat ediniz.
She insists on our telling her the truth whatever it is.
She insists on being told the truth whatever it is.
I don’t enjoy being asked personal questions.
You can’t go to a party without being invited.
Being the son of a very rich man, he is in danger of being kidnapped.
He is justly proud of being elected chairman.
For fear of being attacked, she avoids going out alone after dark.
I resented not being invited to the wedding.
I can’t stand being told what to do.
I don’t recall being informed about this case before.
Perfect gerund’ın passive biçimi için having been done kullanılır.
The man denied being involved/having been involved in the robbery.
She went to the party without being invited/having been invited.
I don’t recall being told/having been told about this case before.
She doesn’t seem interested in being given/having been given a reward for her work.
2-INFINITIVES
Infinitive, fiilin başına “to” ekleyerek ya da fiili yalın haliyle kullanarak elde edilir. Bir infinitive, aynı gerund gibi, cümlede özne ya da nesne durumunda kullanılabilen isimleşmiş fiildir.
Infinitive tek bir sözcükten oluşabilir (simple infinitive: to succeed, to rest, etc.). ya da bir sözcük grubundan oluşabilir (infinitive phrase: to talk about economy, to study medicine at university, to drive dangerously, etc.)
She wants to study languages at university.
To be a student is really a difficult job.
They are planning to move into another house.
Her father doesn’t let her go out alone at night.
His poor appearance made us feel sorry for him.
Infinitive’i olumsuz yapmak için başına not getirilir.
It’s difficult for a mother not to feel concerned about her children.
I agreed not to invite too many people to the party.
She pretended not to see me.
Yüklemin olumsuz olmasıyla, infinitive’in olumsuz olmasının cümlenin anlamını değiştirdiğine dikkat ediniz.
I haven’t decided yet to go to the cinema with you.
(Sizinle sinemaya gitmeye henüz karar vermedim.)
I have decided not to go to the cinema with you.
(Sizinle sinemaya gitmemeye karar verdim.)
Yukarıdaki cümlelerden birincisinde, karar verme eylemi henüz gerçekleşmemiş. Bu yüzden “decide” fiilinin kendisi olumsuz. İkinci cümlede ise karar verme eylemi gerçekleşmiş. Ancak olumsuz yönde bir karar verilmiş. Bu nedenle olumsuzluk “go” fiiline aittir (not to go).
She didn’t agree to buy a small car.
(Küçük bir araba almayı kabul etmedi.)
She agreed not to buy a small car.
(Küçük bir araba almamayı kabul etti.)
2-1 INFINITIVE AS SUBJECT OF THE SENTENCE
Simple infinitive ya da infinitive phrase bir cümlenin öznesi olabilir. Ancak İngilizce’de, cümleye infinitive bir özne ile başlamak pek yaygın değildir. Bunun yerine cümleye “It” ile başlayıp, asıl özneyi yüklemden sonra kullanmak daha yaygındır.
To save money is impossible these days.
It is impossible to save money these days.
To chat is fun.
It is fun to chat.
To chat with a close friend is fun.
It is fun to chat with a close friend.
Bu cümlelerde “it” amamı etkilemez. Yani her iki. cümlenin de anlamı aynıdır.
To travel by minibus takes a lot of time.
It takes a lot of rime to travel by minibus.
(Minibüsle seyahat etmek çok zaman alıyor.)
To jump out of a plane with a parachute takes courage.
It takes courage to jump out of a plane with a parachute.
To become perfect in a foreign language takes years.
It takes years to become perfect in a foreign language.
Daha önce bir gerund’ın da cümlenin öznesi durumunda olabildiğini görmüştük. Pek çok cümlede, öznenin gerund ya da infinitive olması arasında bir fark yoktur. Ancak özne genel bir durumu ifade ediyorsa gerund, özel bir durumu ifade ediyorsa infinitive tercih edilir.
Swimming is my favourite sport.
Reading is very important for children.
Knowing English enables vou to communicate with foreigners.
To swim in that river isn’t at all wise.
To read this book in just three days will be difficult.
To learn English will enable you to find a good job.
Cümleye “it” ile başlıyorsak, devamındaki asıl özne gerund değil, infinitive olabilir.
It isn’t at all wise to swim in that river.
It is important for children to read.
Cümleye başlarken bir possessive (my, your, his, All’s, Jane’s, my mother’s etc.) kullanıyorsak, özne olarak gerund kullanılır.
His coming late made us angry.
Her not wanting to come with us is quite surprising.
The employees’ complaining too much about the pay rise made the management think it over.
For + Noun/Pronoun + Infinitive
Özne olarak bir infinitive, gerund ya da it ile başlayan cümlelerde, eylemin kimin için zor, kolay vs. olduğunu belirtmek için for + noun/pronoun kullanılır.
Swimming is easy for me.
To swim is easy for me.
It is easy for me to swim.
Driving in heavy traffic isn’t difficult for an experienced driver.
To drive in heavy traffic isn’t difficult for an experienced driver.
It isn’t difficult for an experienced driver to drive in heavy traffic.
Of + Noun/Pronoun + Infinitive
Özne olarak “if ile başlayan cümlelerde, bazı sıfatlardan sonra of + noun/pronoun yapısı kullanılır. Bu sıfatlar, eylemi değil de, eylemi yapan kişiyi tanımlayan sıfatlardır: polite, kind, rude, smart, clever, etc.
It’s kind of you to help me.
(Bana yardım ettiğin için çok naziksin.)
It was very rude of him to treat you like that.
(Sana böyle davranması büyük kabalıktı.)
It was careless of me to leave the key in the house.
(Anahtarı evde unutmam büyük dikkatsizlikti.)
Of + noun/pronoun ile for + noun/pronoun arasındaki ayrıma dikkat ediniz. For + noun/ pronoun, “bu eylemi yapmak bu kişi için zor, kolay, vs.” anlamını ifade ediyor. Of + noun/ pronoun ise, “Kişi bu eylemi yaptığı- için dikkatsiz, düşünceli, kaba, nazik, vs.” anlamını ifade ediyor.
It’s necessary for you to learn English very well.
(İngilizceyi çok iyi öğrenmek sizin için gerekli.)
It’s clever of him to learn both English and computing.
(Onun hem İngilizce hem de bilgisayar öğrenmesi çok akıllıca.)
2-2 INFINITIVE AS SUBJECT COMPLEMENT
Be fiilinden sonra infinitive kullanarak özneyi tanımlayıcı ya da açıklayıcı bir ifade elde edebiliriz.
When I was a child, my ambition was to be an architect.
A government’s policy should be to do whatever is needed to improve the standard of living.
After dinner tonight, my plan is to take a walk along the seashore.
What you need is to get some fresh air.
Daha önce gerund’ın bu kullanımını görmüştük. Ancak, gerund’ı genel ifadeler için tercih etmek
gerekir.
Her favourite sport is playing tennis. (general)
Her plan after work today is to play tennis. (specific)
A nationwide pastime is watching television. (general)
What I will do after dinner is to watch television. (specific)
2-3 INFINITIVE AS DIRECT OBJECT
Kendinden sonra infinitive alan fiilleri üç gruba ayırabiliriz.
- Verb + infinitive
She decided to move to another city.
- Verb + noun/pronoun + infinitive
She persuaded me to go with her.
- Either verb + infinitive or verb + noun/pronoun + infinitive
She expected to get home early.
She expected me to get home early.
- Verb + Infinitive
Kendinden sonra direk infinitive alan fiillerden yaygın olarak kullanılanlar şunlardır:
afford consent hesitate plan seem
agree decide hope prepare struggle
appear demand learn pretend swear
arrange deserve manage proceed tend
care endeavor mean promise threaten
choose (prefer) fail prove volunteer
claim happen offer refuse wait
EXAMPLES:
They couldn’t afford to go on holiday last summer.
I don’t agree to work with him.
You appear to be pale today. Is there something wrong?
We arranged to meet in front of the cinema.
I don’t care to live alone.
She chose to stay home while we went out.
Don’t hesitate to contact me if you need any help.
She demanded in a firm voice to talk to me.
She endeavored to finish her homework, but she couldn’t.
She hopes to pass the exam with a good grade.
He never seems to succeed.
She sometimes tends to speak too much.
Some of the students volunteered to bring some food from their home for the picnic.
He couldn’t wait to see the manager.
Prove, kendinden sonra bir reflexive pronoun + infinitive alabilir.
The new headmaster proved to be successful.
The new headmaster proved himself to be successful.
I soon proved to be reliable.
I soon proved myself to be reliable.
Prove’dan sonra infinitive kullanmadan, direk sıfat kullanabiliriz.
The new project proved useless.
He soon proved successful.
b) Verb + Noun / Pronoun + Infinitive
Bu gruptaki fiiller, kendilerinden sonra direk infinitive alamazlar. Fiil ile infinitive arasında me, you, him, them, Jane, our teacher, my parents, etc. gibi indirect object olması gerekir.
advise convince instruct request
allow direct invite require
appoint enable motivate how…how
cause encourage oblige teach
caution forbid order tell
challenge force permit tempt
command hire persuade urge
compel implore remind warn
EXAMPLES:
I advised him to stop smoking.
Her father doesn’t allow her to go out at night.
They appointed him to investigate.
The hard work caused me to feel depressed.
He challenged me to swim to the other side of the river. .
They compelled me to tell the truth about her.
Owning a car enables you to travel without difficulty.
Last night, we hired a babysitter to look after our son.
Setting an aim motivates people to work harder.
I reminded him to buy some bread while coming back.
My niece requested me to help her with her English assignment.
Her job requires her to travel a lot.
He told me to be there on time.
His bad companions tempted him to drink heavily.
Bu fiiller passive durumda ise, kendilerinden sonra direk infinitive gelir. Çünkü active cümlenin nesnesi özne durumuna geçmiştir.
I was advised to stop smoking.
She isn’t allowed to go out at night.
I was compelled to tell the truth about her.
He was reminded to buy some bread while coming back.
I was told to be there on time.
He was tempted by his bad companions to drink heavily.
c) Verb + Infinitive or Verb + Noun /Pronoun + Infinitive
Bu gruptaki fiiller hem kendilerinden hemen sonra hem de bir dolaylı nesneden sonra infinitive alabilirler. Ancak iki cümlenin anlamı farklıdır. Şu iki cümleyi inceleyelim.
I want to study hard. (Çok çalışmak istiyorum.)
Iwant you to study hard. (Çok çalışmanı istiyorum.)
Yukarıdaki cümlelerden birincisinde, her iki evi emi de (want,study) özne yapıyor. İkincisinde ise, birinci eylemi yani yüklemi (want) özne, nesne durumundaki ikinci eylemi ise (to study) dolaylı nesne yapıyor.
Bu Gruptaki yaygın olarak kullanılan fiiller şunlardır:
ask dare prefer wish
beg expect promise would like
choose need want
NOTES:
Bu fiillerin, “promise” dışında, hepsi dolaylı nesne ile kullanıldığında, yukarıdaki örnekte gördüğümüz anlam değişikliğine uğrarlar. Ancak promise nesne aldığında da, eylemi yapan kişi durumunda bir değişme olmaz.
I promised to quit smoking. (Söz veren ve sigarayı bırakacak olan “ben”.)
I promised my mother to quit smoking. (Söz veren ve sigarayı bırakacak olan yine “ben”, “promised my mother” sadece sözün kime verildiğini belirtiyor.)
Soruda ya da olumsuz cümlede, dare fiilinden sonra infinitive “to” ile ya da yalın olarak gelebilir.
– Would you dare do/to do a parachute jump?
– No, I wouldn’t dare do/to do that.
Ancak, olumsuzluğu daren’t biçiminde ifade ediyorsak, infinitive yalın olarak gelir.
I daren’t do a parachute jump.
Dare, kendinden sonra dolaylı nesne alıyorsa, to + infinitive kullanılır.
My friend dared me to swim across the Bosphorus.
Do you dare me to talk back to my boss when I believe he is wrong?
EXAMPLES:
I asked to leave the classroom.
I asked the noisy students to leave the classroom.
My little sister begged to come with us. . .
My friends begged me to change my mind.
I chose to investigate the case.
I chose one of my colleagues to investigate the case.
I dared to go out alone in the dark.
I dared my sister to go out alone in the dark.
They expected to arrive home early.
They expected me to arrive home early.
She needs to clean die house.
She needs someone to clean the house.
I prefer to stay at home tonight.
I prefer you to stay at home tonight.
She promised not to be late.
She promised me not to be late. (Anlamda bir değişme yok.)
The client wished to see the manager.
The client wished me to inform the manager about the case.
She would like to study abroad.
Her parents would like her to study abroad.
2-4 GERUND or INFINITIVE
Bazı fiiller kendilerinden sonra hem gerund hem infinitive alabilirler. Bunların bir bölümünde, gerund ya da infinitive kullanılması anlam değişikliğine yol açmaz. Bir bölümünde ise anlam değişir.
a) Gerund or infinitive with no or little change in meaning.
advise cannot bear encourage intend need prefer
allow continue forbid like neglect recommend
attempt dislike hate love permit start
begin dread
NOTES:
Bu fiillerden attempt, begin, cannot bear, continue, dislike, dread, hate, intend, like, love, neglect ve start gerund ya da infinitive aldığında aralarında önemli bir fark yoktur.
I attempted doing/to do the job without getting any help.
Just as I left the office, it began raining/to rain.
I can’t bear listening/to listen to that sort of music.
After a brief interval, we continued working/to work.
She dislikes being told/to be told what to do.
I hate washing/to wash the dishes.
They intend moving/to move into a bigger house.
I like walking/to walk.
She loves playing/to play with children.
He neglected informing/to inform us about the case.
I will start studying/to study as soon as the film is over.
Bu fiillerin kendileri sürerlilik bildiren tense’lerle kullanılmışsa, kendilerinden sonra infinitive alırlar.*
It was beginning to rain when I left the office.
She was still continuing to work at the same company despite problems.
Bu fiillerden advise, allow, encourage, forbid, permit ve recommend, kendinden sonra indirect object (him, them, etc.) varsa infinitive, indirect object yoksa gerund alır.
I advise driving more slowly on this slippery road.
I advise you to drive more slowly on this slippery road.
I don’t allow chewing gum during the class.
I don’t allow my students to chew gum during the class.
1 encourage speaking freely in the class.
I encourage my students to speak freely in the class.
The law forbids travelling without wearing a seat belt.
The law forbids us to travel without wearing a seat belt.
My mother doesn’t permit smoking in our house.
My mother doesn’t permit me to smoke in our house.
I recommended staying at an inexpensive hotel.
1 recommended my brother to stay at an inexpensive hotel.
Bu fiillerden sadece attempt, begin, continue ve start sürerlilik bildiren tense’lerle kullanılır.
Diğerleri kullanılmaz.
“Kendisi progressive bir tense ile kullanılmışsa devamında infinitive alır” kuralı da sadece bu fiiller için geçerlidir. Eğer bir fiil kendinden sonra sadece gerund alabiliyorsa progressive tense’le bile kullanılsa, gerund değişmez.
I’m considering staying at home tonight.
Bu kural (indirect object’den sonra infinitive gelmesi) sadece bu fiiller için geçerlidir. Kendinden sonra sadece gerund alan fiiller, nesne olsa bile, yine gerund alır.
I suggested going to an Italian restaurant for a change.
I suggested their going to an Italian restaurant for a change.
I don’t understand not wanting to come with us.
I don’t understand him/his not wanting to come with us.
Need fiili active cümlede kendinden sonra infinitive alır. Passive cümlede ise passive infinitive (to be done) ya da gerund (doing) alabilir.
I need to iron my shirt. (active)
My shirt needs to be ironed/needs ironing. (passive)
You need to repair the radio. (active)
The radio needs to be repaired/needs repairing. (passive)
Passive cümlenin öznesi insan ise, genellikle passive infinitive kullanılır.
You need to help her. (active)
She needs to be helped. (passive)
I need to tell them the truth. (active)
They need to be told the truth. (passive)
Prefer fiilinin gerund ya da infinitive alması, bir tercihten diğerine geçerken arada kullandığımız geçiş sözcüğüne bağlıdır. Eğer arada “to” kullanılıyorsa gerund, “than” ya da “rather than”
kullanılıyorsa infinitive alır.
I prefer walking to running.
I prefer to walk than (to) run.
Eğer sadece tercihi belirtip cümleyi bitiriyorsak, genel anlamdaki tercihlerimiz için “prefer doing”, spesifik tercihlerimiz için “prefer to do” kullanımı daha yaygındır. Spesifik tercihlerimiz için “would prefer to do” daha yaygın kullanılır.
Do you watch television very often?
No, I prefer reading. (I prefer to read.) (general)
Will you come for a walk with us?
I would prefer to stay at home. (specific)
b) Gerund or infinitive with a change in meaning
forget mean (intend) regret try (make an effort)
remember mean (result in, involve) stop try (experiment)
Forget ve remember, geçmişte yaptığımız bir işi daha sonra unutmak, hatırlamak anlamındaysa gerund alır. Yapmayı planladığımız ya da düşündüğümüz bir işi yapmayı unutmak, hatırlamak anlamındaysa infinitive alır.
– Do you remember our being stuck in the mud with the car last winter?
– Yes, I also remember very clearly your losing your temper.
– Really? What did I do?
– You kicked the car, and its rear fender dented.
– Oh, I’d completely forgotten doing that.
When I met him. I suddenly remembered lending him a large sum of money the previous month. When I asked for my money back he said he was sorry he had completely forgotten borrowing money from me. (Önce ona para verdim. Daha sonra ona rastlayınca, ona para verdiğimi hatırladım. O ise benden para aldığını unuttu.)
- Please remember (don’t forget) to tell him that I will be waiting at our usual cafe around 4 o’clock.
- Okay. I promise you. I won’t forget (will remember) to give him your message.
Because I left home in a hurry,I forgot to take my purse with me. (Cüzdanımı yanıma almayı unuttum.Yani yapmam gereken bir işi yapmadım.)
I usually forget to lock the door, but this morning I remembered to lock it/I didn’t forget to lock it.
(Kapıyı kilitlemeyi hatırladım/unutmadım. Yani yapmam gereken bir işi yaptım.)
Mean, eğer kastetmek, niyet etmek anlamındaysa infinitive alır.
I don’t mean to hurt you by criticising so severely, but it’s for your own sake.
He had meant to go on a camping holiday this year, but I think his wife didn’t agree.
Mean, anlamına gelmek, demek anlamındaysa gerund alır.
Being a parent means having a lot of responsibilities.
If we can’t reach an agreement soon about where to have lunch, I’m afraid it will mean wasting our lunch break here in the office.
Regret, geçmişte yaptığımız ya da yapmadığımız bir işten dolayı pişmanlık duymak anlamındaysa gerund alır. Gerund’ın ifade ettiği eylem, pişman olma eyleminden daha önce gerçekleşmiş olduğu için doing yerine having done kullanabiliriz.
He regrets that he didn’t attend university.
He regrets not attending/not having attended university.
She regretted that she hadn’t listened to her .mother’s advice.
She regretted not listening/not having listened to her mother’s advice.
She regrets that she bought an orange car.
She regrets buying/having bought an orange car.
Regret, yapmayı planladığımız bir işi yapamayacağımızı ifade ederken I’m sorry” anlamında kullanılıyorsa infinitive alır. Bu anlamda regret, tell, say, inform gibi fiillerle birlikte çok sık kullanılır.
I regret to tell you that I can’t come with you.
(I’m sorry to tell you that ……………….. )
I regret to inform you that you couldn’t get a pass grade.
Stop doing, yapmakta olduğumuz bir işi durdurmak anlamında kullanılır.
When I entered the classroom, the students stopped chatting among themselves. (They had been chatting before I came in.)
When some guests arrived after dinner. I stopped studying.
Stop to do, bir şey yapmak için durmak anlamında kullanılır. Burada “to” amaç bildirdiği için “stop to do” yerine “stop in order to do” da kullanabiliriz.
When the phone rang, I stopped my work to/in order to answer the phone.
When a loud noise was heard, everybody in the street stopped to/in order to see what had happened.
Bazen bu iki yapıyı bir arada kullanmamız gerekebilir:
Stop doing something to do something else
When the phone rang, I stopped studying to/in order to answer it.
When a student raised his hand, I stopped lecturing to/in order to listen to him.
Try, çabalamak, çalışmak anlamındaysa infinitive alır.
I tried hard to catch the train, but I couldn’t.
She tried to persuade her father to let her go to the cinema.
I tried to warn you, but you were too busy to listen to me.
Try, bir yöntemin işe yarayıp yaramayacağını anlamak için denemek anlamında kullanılıyorsa,
geründ alır.
Because it was very hot last night, I couldn’t get to sleep.
I tried opening the window, but it didn’t work. Then I took a cold shower. It worked!
– Take a tablet if you have a headache.
– I tried taking one, but it didn’t help.
– Then, try having a rest. It may work.
2-5 INFINITIVE AFTER CERTAIN NOUNS
Infinitive, bazı isimlerden sonra gelerek, o ismi tanımlayan bir sıfat işlevini üstlenir. Bu şekilde yaygın olarak kullanılan isimler şunlardır:
ability demand failure request
ambition desire offer right
anxiety determination plan scheme
attempt eagerness promise willingness
decision effort refusal wish
Not every person has the ability to think logically. Some people lack it totally.
His ambition to become the top student in the class made him ill.
My determination to go on walking even in the rain surprised them all.
His eagerness to pass the exam is at its peak these days.
Genellikle önlerinde bir superlative ile birlikte time ve place* gibi isimler de bu yapıyla yaygın olarak kullanılır.
The best time to go on holiday is Spring.
Tomorrow, I will have a lot of time to deal with you.
My favourite time to walk is early in the morning.
The best place to fish is just under the Bosphorus Bridge.
* Bu şekilde başka pek çok isim kullanılabilir: the best restaurant to eat at, the cheapest hotel to stay at,
the most difficult method to follow, etc.
The fırst, the second, the next, the last, etc. gibi sıra sayıları da infinitive alabilir.
Do you know who the first person to climb Mount Everest was?
The last person to leave home should lock the door.
(Evden en son çıkan kişinin kapıyı kilitlemesi gerekir.)
She is always the last (person) to come.
(Her zaman en son gelen kişi odur.)
2-6 INFINITIVE AFTER CERTAIN ADJECTIVES
Kişinin duygu ya da tavrını ifade eden sıfatlardan sonra infinitive gelebilir.
I’m sorry to hear that your mother is ill.
I’m glad to see you here.
Bu şekilde yaygın olarak kullanılan sıfatlar şunlardır:
content disgusted determined reluctant
delighted disturbed motivated certain
glad sad prepared likely
happy sorry ready amazed
pleased upset willing astonished
relieved proud afraid surprised
lucky ashamed carefully shocked
fortunate anxious hesitant stunned
disappointed eager
She is hesitant to accept their job offer.
I’m reluctant to go with them.
I was surprised to see Jane at the party.
She was determined to have a university education.
I was relieved to get the news that they didn’t get injured in the accident.
She was disappointed not to pass the exam.
She was ashamed not to be able to pass the exam after so many private lessons.
Bu sıfatların bir bölümünü daha önce adjective + preposition biçiminde görmüştük. Eğer sıfattan sonra bir preposition kullanılmışsa, preposition’dan sonra gelen yapının gerund olmasına dikkat ediniz.
She was proud to be the top student in the class.
She was proud of being the top student in the class.
She was ashamed to have made such rude remarks.
She was ashamed of having made such rude remarks.
I was surprised to see him there.
I was surprised at his being there.
Adjective + infinitive, daha çok bir that-clause ya da when-clause‘u kısaltarak ifade etmek biçiminde kullanılır.
She was disgusted when she saw the kitchen in such a mess.
She was disgusted to see the kitchen in such a mess.
(Mutfağı pislik içinde görünce iğrendi.)
She was disappointed that she didn’t get the job.
She was disappointed not to get the job.
Bu kısaltmayı yaparken, temel cümle ile yan cümlenin öznesinin aynı olmasına dikkat ediniz. Eğer özneler aynı değil ise, passive infinitive kullanarak yine aynı anlamı verebiliriz.
She was disappointed that they didn’t give her the job.
She was disappointed not to be given the job.
She was happy that they promoted her.
She was happy to be promoted.
2-7 PASSIVE INFINITIVE AND PAST INFINITIVE
Infinitive’in passive biçimi to be done şeklinde ifade edilir.
I don’t want you to order me what to do.
I don’t want to be ordered what to do.
I didn’t expect she would invite me to her wedding.
I didn’t expect to be invited to her wedding.
(Onun düğününe davet edileceğimi ummuyordum.)
Infinitive’in past biçimi to have done, passive past biçimi ise to have been done şeklinde ifade edilir. Infinitive’in ifade ettiği eylem yüklemden daha önce gerçekleşmişse, past infinitive kullanmamız gerekir.
Past infinitive özellikle seem, appear, pretend gibi fiillerle; lucky, fortunate, happy, pleased, content, likely gibi sıfatlarla çok sık kullanılır.
I’m happy that I passed the exam.
I’m happy to have passed the exam.
(I passed the exam sometime before now, and now I’m happy.)
She is fortunate that she received a good education.
She is fortunate to have received a good education.
It seems that you have passed the exam.
You seem to have passed the exam.
It appears that she told a lie.
She appears to have told a lie.
It seems that they were surprised at the news.
They seem to have been surprised at the news.
(Habere şaşırmış gibi görünüyorlar.)
To do/to be done ile to have done/to have been done arasındaki farkı görmek için şu cümleleri inceleyelim:
She is fortunate that she will study abroad.
She is fortunate to study abroad.
(Yurt dışında öğrenim göreceği için şanslı.)
She is fortunate that she studied abroad.
She is fortunate to have studied abroad.
(Yurt dışında öğrenim gördüğü için şanslı.)
She is lucky that she will be sent abroad.
She is lucky to be sent abroad.
She is lucky that she was sent abroad.
She is lucky to have been sent abroad.
It seems that he works very hard all the time.
He seems to work very hard all the time.
H seems that he worked very hard yesterday.
He seems to have worked very hard yesterday.
It’s likely that she is at home now.
She is likely to be at home now.
It’s likely that she was at home then.
She is likely to have been at home then.
It seems he isgiven pay rises regularly.
He seems to be given pay rises regularly.
It seems he was given a pay rise last month.
He seems to have been given a pay rise last month.
Seem, appear ve pretend fiillerini present progressive infinitive (to be doing) ve past progressive infinitive (to have been doing) ile de kullanabiliriz.
It seems that he is working hard these days.
He seems to be working hard these cays.
Let’s not talk about it in front of Peter.
He pretends not to be listening to us but in fact he is.
It appears that they are waiting for us.
They appear to be waiting for us
It appears that they have been waiting for us for a long time.
They appear to have been waiting for us for a long time.
Tell, order, ask, request, etc. gibi pek çok fiilden sonra past infinitive kullanılamaz. Çünkü bu tür fiillerle infinitive, yüklemden sonra gerçekleşecek bir eylemi ifade eder.
I asked my friends not to make so much noise.
I told the children to be careful while crossing the street.
He told me to be there on time.
(Bana vaktinde orada olmamı söyledi.) (Daha sonra yapacağım bir işi söyledi.)
2-8 INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE: IN ORDER TO
Amaç bildiren bir yapı olarak in order to do yerine sadece to do kullanabiliriz. Olumsuz ifadelerde “in order not to do” kullanılır.
I will go shopping because I want to buy some vegetables.
I will go shopping to buy/in order to buy some vegetables.
I get up early because I don’t want to be late for work.
I get up early in order not to be late for work.
I went to the bookstore because I wanted to buy a book.
I went to the bookstore to buy/in order to buy a book.
To do/in order to do ile for doing‘in kullanımı arasındaki aynma dikkat ediniz. Bir insanın bir eylemi yapmadaki amacını ifade etmek istiyorsak to do/in order to do kullanılır. Bir nesnenin (bir alet, makina vb.) ne işe yaradığını, ne amaçla kullanıldığını ifade etmek istiyorsak be used for doing ya da be used to do/in order to do kullanılır. Eğer bir nesnenin ne işe yaradığını ifade ediyor, ancak cümlede “be used” kullanmıyorsak, sadece “for doing” kullanılır.
You have to use an axe to chop/in order to chop wood.
An axe is used for chopping/to chop wood.
An axe is a tool for chopping wood.
You have to use a spanner to fasten/in order to fasten bolts.
A spanner is used for fastening/to fasten bolts.
A spanner is a tool for fastening bolts.
Ancak, belli bir olayda (specific) bir nesnenin ne amaçla kullanıldığını ifade ederken sadece to do kullanılır.
Detergent is used for cleaning/to clean dirty things. (general)
A lot of detergent was used to clean the house. (specific)
Wax is used for polishing/to polish surfaces.
A special kind of wax was used to polish the car.
İnsanın bir eylemi yapmadaki amacını ifade ederken fiil değil de isim kullanıyorsak, for + a noun kullanılır.
I went to the bookstore to buy a book.
I went to the bookstore for a book.
She usually goes to the library to do her homework.
She usually goes to the library for her homework.
He will go to Ankara to attend a conference.
He will go to Ankara for a conference.
2-9 INFINITIVE WITH TOO AND ENOUGH
Too + adjective/adverb ve adjective/adverb + enough yapıları kendilerinden sonra infinitive alır.
This box is too heavy. Nobody can carry it.
This box is too heavy to carry.
(Bu kutu taşınamayacak kadar ağır.)
İkinci cümlenin sonunda yüklemin nesnesi durumunda olan “it” sözünün “too’Tu cümlede kullanılmadığına dikkat ediniz. Bu cümlede infinitive, passive yapıda bulunmadığı halde, cümlenin anlamı passive’dir. Bu nedenle iki cümleyi birleştirdiğimizde, yüklemin nesnesi özne durumuna geçmiştir (This box). Bu cümlede eylemi yapmanın kimin için zor, kolay, vb. olduğunu ifade etmek için for + noun/pronoun kullanabiliriz. Bu durumda cümleyi Türkçe’ye active olarak çeviririz.
This box is too heavy. I can’t carry it.
This box is too heavy for me to carry.
(Bu kutu benim taşıyamayacağım kadar ağır.)
Too + adjective/adverb kalıbı yapı olarak olumlu olmasına rağmen anlamca olumsuzdur.
It’s too late to go out.
(Dışarı çıkılamayacak kadar geç oldu.)
She is too young to get married.
(Evlenemeyecek kadar küçük.)
Hespoke too quietly to hear.
(Duyulamayacak kadar yavaş konuştu.)
She is too young to understand this situation.
(Bu durumu anlayamayacak kadar küçük.)
Adjective/adverb + enough, olumlu cümlede kullanıldığı zaman, eylemin yapabileceğimiz
ölçülerde olduğunu ifade eder.
This box is light. Anyone can carry it.
This box is light enough to carry.
(Bu kulu taşınabilecek kadar halif.)
This box is light I can carry it.
This box is light enough for me to carry.
(Bu kutu benim taşıyabileceğim kadar hafif.)
This jug isn’t big. It can’t hold two litres of water.
This jug isn’t big enough to hold two litres of water.
(Bu sürahi iki litre su alacak kadar büyük değil.)
The speaker didn’t speak clearly. We couldn’t understand him.
The speaker didn’t speak clearly enough for us to understand.
(Konuşmacı bizim anlayabileceğimiz kadar net konuşmadı.)
Too ile ifade ettiğimiz bir cümleyi, kullanılan sıfatın ya da zarfın zıt anlamlısını kullanarak, olumsuz bir cümlede enough‘la da verebiliriz.
She is too young to get married.
(Evlenemeyecek kadar küçük.)
She isn’t old enough to get married.
(Evlenecek kadar büyük değil.)
The car is too small to take five people.
(Araba beş kişiyi alamayacak kadar küçük.)
The car isn’t big enough to take five people.
(Araba beş kişiyi alacak kadar büyük değil.)
Enough, bir sıfat ya da zarftan sonra (strong enough, rich enough, etc.) bir isimden önce gelir:* (enough strength, enough money, etc.)
She is not experienced enough to do this job.
She doesn’t have enough experience to do this job.
I’m courageous enough to talk back to him.
I have enough courage to talk back to him.
Yüklemin nesnesinin kendine ait bir preposition’ı varsa, too ya da enough ile kurulmuş cümlenin sonunda o preposition kullanılır.
This knife is blunt. We can’t cut this meat with it.
This knife is too blunt to cut this meat with.
Is this chair strong? Can I stand on it?
Is this chair strong enough for me to stand on?
2-10 VERBS OF PERCEPTION
See, hear, watch, feel, etc. gibi duyu fiilleri kendinden sonraki fiili iki şekilde alır: gerund ya da fiilin yalın hali.
Eğer bir eylemin olusunu baştan sona görmüşsek, izlemişsek, fiilin yalın hali kullanılır. Devam etmekte olan bir eylemi görmüşsek gerund kullanılır. Şimdi şu iki cümleyi inceleyelim.
Yesterday, I took my son to the park. There, I sat on a park bench and watched my son play with other children. (Oğlumun oyun oynamasını bastan sona izledim.)
When I looked out of the window, I saw some children playing in the street. (Çocukların oynama eylemi devam ediyordu. Ben onları bir an gördüm. Oynamaya başladıkları zamanı görmedim.)
He unlocked the safe and took some money. I saw this. I saw him unlock the safe and take some money.
(Kasayı açıp biraz para aldığını gördüm.)
When I entered the room, he was taking some money out of the safe. I saw this.
I saw him taking some money out of the safe.
(Onu, kasadan para alırken gördüm.)
Bu kullanımlar özellikle see, hear, watch, listen to, feel ve observe fiilleriyle yaygındır. Çoğu zaman, gerund ya da fiilin yalın halini kullanmak anlamı pek etkilemez.
When I suddenly woke up in the middle of the night, I felt the ground shake/shaking.
Yesterday, I saw him run/running down the street.
Smell, find ve catch fiilleriyle sadece gerund kullanılır.
When I entered the house, I could smell something burning.
When I got home, I found my son sleeping.
He had given up smoking, but last night, I caught him smoking on the balcony.
Passive cümlede gerund kullanımı aynı kalır. Ancak fiilin yalın hali, passive cümlede to+infinitive biçimine dönüşür.
Someone saw the missing child walking along the river.
The missing child was seen walking along the river.
They last saw him driving downtown late last night.
He was last seen driving downtown late last night.
Someone saw him leave the building hurriedly.
He was seen to leave the building hurriedly.
They clearly saw him steal the watch.
He was clearly seen to steal the watch.
2-11 INFINITIVE WITHOUT “TO” AFTER “LET” AND “HELP”
Let‘den sonra infinitive “to” almadan gelir.
I will let you go when you have finished your work.
They didn’t let me explain my excuse.
Don’t let him start smoking at such an early age.
Will you let your daughter stay out so late?
Help‘den sonra infinitive yalın haliyle ya da “to” alarak kullanılır.
Will you please help me lay/to lay the table?
I helped my mother clean/to clean the house.
Talking to a native English speaker will help you improve/to improve your English.
When I got lost in the country, a villager helped me find/to find my way.
2-12 CERTAIN VERBS + NOUN/PRONOUN + INFINITIVE
Bu gruptaki fiiller, daha çok kendilerinden sonra bir that-clause alırlar. Ancak bu fiilleri verb+noun/pronoun+infinitive kalıbıyla kullanmak da mümkündür. Bu şekilde yaygın olarak kullanılan fiiller şunlardır:
acknowledge find believe suppose imagine
guess calculate know assume judge
consider maintain declare discover proclaim
reckon estimate take (presume) fancy prove
see understand think feel show
I believe that he is the best of you all. I consider that he has a lot of money.
I believe him to be the best of you all. I consider him to have a lot of money.
We know that he is an honest man.
We know him to be an honest man.
Örneklerden de anlaşılacağı gibi, bu yapı ile kullanabileceğimiz infinitive genellikle to be ve to have fiilleridir. Bu fiillerin yanı sıra, “know, like, love, etc.” gibi nonprogressive fiiller de kullanılabilir.
Think, estimate ve presume fiillerinin bu biçimde kullanılmaları çok enderdir. Ancak passive cümlede yaygın olarak kullanılırlar.*
They think that the new secretary is very able. They estimate that the box weighs about 5 kg.
It is thought that the new secretary is very able. It is estimated that the box weighs about 5 kg.
The new secretary is thought to be very able. The box is estimated to weigh about 5 kg.
* Bu konuyu 4. sayımızda Passive konusunu işlerken ayrıntılı olarak görmüştük.
2-13 INFINITIVE AFTER QUESTION WORDS
Soru sözcüğüyle ya da whether ile başlayan noun clause’ları belli koşulları göz önüne alan question word + infinitive biçiminde kısaltabiliriz.*
She can’t decide what she should do.
She can’t decide what to do.
Can you tell me where I can buy cheap but fresh fruit?
Can you tell me where to buy cheap but fresh fruit?
I don’t know whether I should come with you or stay home.
I don’t know whether to come with you or (to) stay home.
* Bu konuyu 6. sayımızda ayrıntılı olarak işlemiştik.
2-14 CAUSATIVES
Türkçe karşılığı ettirgen çatı olan causative, İngilizcede have, get ve make fiilleriyle elde edilir. Üçü de anlamca birbirine yakın olmalanna rağmen, aralarında küçük farklar vardır.
a) Have: Daha çok kişinin doğal görevi olan bir işi yaptırmak anlamında kullanılır: tamirciye araba tamir ettirmek, terziye elbise diktirmek vb. gibi.
Yesterday, I had the mechanic repair my car.
I will have the plumber fix the leak tomorrow.
I have had my tailor make a wonderful dress.
(Terzime harika bir elbise diktirdim.)
Ancak, bu tür cümlelerde genellikle işi yapan kişi değil, işin yapılması önemlidir. Bu durumda, işi yapan kişiyi belirtmeden direk yapılan işi ifade edebiliriz.
Yesterday, I had my car repaired (by the mechanic.)
I will have the leak fixed tomorrow (by the plumber.)
I have had a wonderful dress made (by my tailor.)
(Harika bir elbise diktirdim.)
b) Get: Birini ikna ederek bir iş yaptırmak anlamını ifade eder.
My mother is a good tailor, but she doesn’t sew any more.
I want to get her to make me a dress for my graduation ball.
Yesterday, I got my friend to write a composition for me.
She is rather lazy. She always gets her sister to clean their room.
(Odalarını her zaman kızkardeşine temizletir.)
İşi yapan kişiyi belirtmeden, yapılan işi ifade ederken.
kalıbı kullanılır.
Get something done ile have something done arasında bir fark yoktur ve birbirinin yerine kullanılabilirler.
I want to get a dress made for my graduation ball.
I got a composition written for me (by my friend.)
She always gets their room cleaned by her sister.
c) Make: Birine zorlama ile bir iş yaptırmak anlamını ifade eder.
I made my son do his homework before he went outside to play. (I forced him to do….)
The film made us laugh a lot. (Film bizi çok güldürdü.)
His broken leg made him stay in bed for a month.
Make’in passive biçimi, get ve have‘in passive biçiminden (get/have something done) farklıdır. Passive anlam için make’in kendisi passive’e dönüştürülür.
The film made me cry. (active)
I was made to cry by the film. (passive)
His friends made him laugh during the class, (active)
He was made to laugh by his friends during the class. (passive)
| be made to do something (by someone) |
Make + noun/pronoun kalıbından sonra, fiil kullanmadan direk sıfat da gelebilir. Bu kullanım get ve have ile mümkün değildir.
His coming late made me feel angry.
His coming late made me angry.
Her strange behaviour makes everybody feel surprised.
Her strange behaviour makes everybody surprised. (surprised burada bir sıfattır.)
The good news made me feel relieved.
The good news made me relieved. (relieved burada bir sıfattır.)
d) Have fiilini bazı passive cümlelerin ifade ettiği anlamı vermek için de kullanabiliriz.
He had his wallet stolen on the train on his way to Ankara.
(Ankara’ya giderken trende cüzdanını çaldırdı.)
His wallet was stolen on the train on his way to Ankara.
(Ankara’ya giderken trende cüzdanı çalındı.)
Bu iki cümle yapı olarak farklı olmalarına karşın, aynı anlamı ifade etmektedir.
They had their house broken into last week.
Their house was broken into last week.
You might have your hair harmed while getting it permed.
Your hair might be harmed while it is being permed.
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