1- COMMON AFFIXES IN ENGLISH
1-1 PREFIXES
Prefix, önek anlamına gelir. Eklendiği sözcüğe yeni bir anlam kazandırır. İngilizcedeki önekleri, sözcüğe kazandırdığı anlam bakımından genel olarak altı grupta inceleyebiliriz.
1. NEGATION : uncomfortable, discomfort
2. DIRECTION : transatlantic, departure
3. TIME : post-war, antecedent
4. PLACE : subway, uphill
5. NUMBER : biennial, triangle
6. DEGREE : hypertension, ultraviolet
Aşağıda, yaygın olarak kullanılan öneklerin bir listesi ve anlamlan verilmiştir. Bu listeyi dikkatle inceleyiniz. Öneklerin anlamlarını bilmeniz, böyle bir sözcükle karşılaştığınızda, sözcüğün anlamını bilmeseniz bile yaklaşık bir tahminde bulunmanızı sağlayacaktır
COMMON PREFIXES
PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLES
A- not, without amoral, atheist
AB- from, away from absent, abstain
AD- to, towards advance, adverse
AMBI- both, double, two ambiguous, ambivalent
ANTE- before, in front of antedate, anteroom
ANTI- opposed to, against antibiotic, antifreeze
BENE- good, well beneficial, benevolence
BI- two, twice bilingual, bicycle
CENT- (CENTI-) a hundred centimetre, century
CIRCUM- around circumnavigate, circumscribe
CO- together with coordinate, combine
CONTRA- (COUNTER- against contradict, counter-claim
DIS- opposite of, not disagree, disorder
EN- make into, cause to be endanger, encourage
EX- out, out of, from exclaim, exclude
at one time, former ex-husband, ex-president
FORE- before, in front of foretell, forewarn
HYPER- to a large or
extreme degree hypersensitive, hypertension
IN- (IL-, IM-, IR-) in, on, into intake, inject
IN- (IL-, IM-, IR-) not immoral, irrelevant
INTER- between, among international, intercontinental
MID- middle midnight, midland
MIS- wrong, not mislead, misunderstand
MONO- one, single monochrome, monotone
MULTI- many multi-coloured, multiply
NON- not nonsense, non-stop
POST- after post-war, postcolonial
PRE- before premature, pre-war
RE- again rewrite, regain
SELF- one’s self, alone self-service, self-taught
SEMI- half, midway semi-circle, semi-detached
SUB- under subsoil, subway
lower in rank sub-committee, substandard
SUPER- above, over supermarket, superstructure
superior to, more than superpower, superhuman
TRANS- across trans-atlantic, trans-continental
to a changed state transform, transfer
UN- not, opposite of unable, unlock
UNI- one, the same union, unisex
UP- to a higher or upgrade, upstairs
better state
EXERCISE 1 : Add the correct prefix from the list to complete each word. Use each prefix twice.
anti- semi- contra-
co- inter- mid-
post- pre- self-
fore- super- trans-
mono- multi- up-
1. crossing or spanning the Pacific ……………….pacific
2. having many talents ………………..talented
3. to take for granted; assume ……………….suppose
4. of or having only one language ……………….lingual
5. allowing continuous two-way transfer of information ……………….active
6. to affirm the opposite of something ……………….diet
7. a substance applied to the skin to reduce or prevent perspiration ………………..perspirant
8. events remarkably being simultaneous or connected ……………….incidence
9. joint action ……………….operation
10. to estimate or calculate in advance ………………. cast
11. a note added below the signature in a letter as an afterthought ……………….script
12. disappointing contrast to a rise or build-up ………………..climax
13. without changing or variety; boring ……………….tonous
14. partially automated ………………..automatic
15. ancestor ……………….bear
16. to pull a tree, bush, etc. out of the ground; move ……………….root
17. the state of being not fully conscious ………………..conscious
18. along a river in the direction of its source ………………..stream
19. arrange beforehand ……………….arrange
20. between or among states ……………….state
21. a very prominent performer ……………….star
22. oppose, conflict with ……………….vene
23. the middle of the summer ………………..summer
24. to remove from one place and resettle in another ……………….plant
25. occupied or concerned only with one’s own affairs or wishes; egocentric; selfish ………………..centred
26. the area of a playing field midway between the goals ……………….field
27. declared to be so by oneself ……………….appointed
28. A very large oil tanker ………………..tanker
29. A millionaire many times over ………………. millionaire
30. student, or studies, at a higher level after first degree has been obtained ………………..graduate
1-2 SUFFIXES
Suffix , sonek anlamına gelir. Sözcüğün sonuna eklenerek yeni sözcükler türetir. Yapım eki olarak suffix, eklendiği sözcüğün türünü değiştirir. Örneğin “honest” sıfatı, “-y” ekinin gelmesiyle “honesty” ismini oluşturur.
A- SOME NOUN-FORMING SUFFIXES
SUFFIX EXAMPLES
-AGE ……………………………………………………….. mileage, wreckage
-AL ………………………………………………………….. refusal, dismissal
-AN ………………………………………………………….. American, republican
-ANCE (-ENCE) …………………………………………..avoidance, intelligence
-ANCY(-ENCY) …………………………………………..fluency, agency
-ANT (-ENT) ………………………………………………. recipient, deterrent
-ARD (-ART) ……………………………………………….drunkard, braggart
-ATION ……………………………………………………… conversation, organisation
-DOM ……………………………………………………….. freedom, kingdom
-EER………………………………………………………… engineer, pioneer
-ER (-AR, -IER) ……………………………………………teacher, liar
-ERY ………………………………………………………… robbery, recovery
-ESS ………………………………………………………… manageress, mistress
-HOOD ……………………………………………………… childhood, neighbourhood
-ICE ………………………………………………………… prejudice, cowardice
-ION (-SION,-TION) …………………………………….information, expansion
-ISM ………………………………………………………… criticism, socialism
-1ST …………………………………………………………. egoist, feminist
-ITY …………………………………………………………. probability, possibility
-MENT ……………………………………………………… agreement, disappointment
-NESS ………………………………………………………. whiteness, eagerness
-OR ………………………………………………………….. actor, creditor
-SHIP ……………………………………………………….. friendship, kinship
-T …………………………………………………………….. complaint, weight
-TH ………………………………………………………….. health, wealth
-URE, -ATURE ………………………………………….. pressure, signature
-Y ……………………………………………………………. honesty, delivery
EXERCISE 2 : Make new nouns from the following words using the suffixes -hood, -dom and -ship.
NOTE : Bu üç sonek, çoğunlukla insanları ifade eden sözcüklere eklenerek soyut isimler türetir.
child – childhood (çocuk – çocukluk)
apprentice – apprenticeship (çırak – çıraklık)
king – kingdom (kral – krallık)
1. censor …………………………
2. premier ………………………
3. lively …………………………
4. star ……………………………
5. chairman ……………………
6. serf…………………………….
7. companion …………………
8. likely …………………………
9. hard …………………………..
10. statesman ……………………
11. bore …………………
12. craftsman …………
13. relation …………….
14. official ……………..
15. court…………………
16. wise …………………
17. leader ……………….
18. brother………………
19. free ………………….
20. owner ………………
EXERCISE 3 : Using the suffixes -er (-ar), -or, -ist, -an (-ian) and -eer, make new nouns from the following words. Make slight changes in the spelling where it is necessary.
NOTE : Yukarıda belirtilen eklerin hepsi, insanların mesleğini ya da ne ile ilgili olduklarını belirten sözcükler türetir.
teach – teacher act – actor
republic – republican tour – tourist
engine – engineer Christ – Christian
1. advise …………………..
2. library ………………….
3. psychology …………..
4. active …………………..
5. puppet …………………
6. design …………………
7. auction ………………..
8. solicit ………………….
9. machine ………………
10. therapy………………..
11. dive ……………….
12. office …………….
13. statistics …………
14. mine ……………..
15. mountain………..
16. politics ………….
17. music ……………
18. vocal …………….
19. optics ……………
20. agitate …………..
EXERCISE 4 : Give the abstract nouns derived from the following words using the suffixes -th or -t.
NOTE : -th ve -t, İngilizcede soyut isim türeten iki ektir. Genellikle, eklendikleri sözcükteki sesli harf değişikliğe uğrar.
fly – flight die – death
1. broad ……………………….
2. grow ……………………….
3. give ……………………….
4. long ……………………….
5. deep ……………………….
6. hot …………………………
7. dry ……………………….
8. warm ……………………….
9. wide ……………………….
10. heal ……………………….
11. freeze …
12. young ..
13. bear …..
14. thief…..
15. contain
16. see …….
17. high …..
18. think …
19. deceive .
20. true …..
EXERCISE 5 : Write the noun form of the following words using the suffixes below.
NOTE : -ance (-ence) , -ion (-tion,-sion) , -ment ve -ation (-ition,-cation), İngilizcede isim türetirken yaygın olarak kullanılan eklerdir.
perform – performance prefer – preference admit – admission
act – action attend – attention
appoint – appointment
admire – admiration apply – application compete – competition
1. divert ………………………………
2. embarrass…………………………
3. insure ……………………………..
4. excite ……………………………..
5. suppress …………………………
6. resist………………………………
7. interrupt …………………………
8. indicate …………………………..
9. infer……………………………….
10. invest……………………………..
11. exist……………………………….
12. imagine …………………………
13. harass ……………………………
14. resemble ………………………..
15. grieve ……………………………
16. abandon ………………………..
17. rebel ……………………………..
18. judge ……………………………..
19. declare …………………………..
20. involve ………………………….
21. stimulate …………………………………
22. emit…………………………………………
23. accommodate……………………………
24. maintain ………………………………….
25. object ……………………………………..
26. obsess …………………………………….
27. argue ………………………………………
28. achieve …………………………………..
29. pay …………………………………………
30. cancel ……………………………………..
31. repeat……………………………………….
32. omit…………………………………………
33. interfere …………………………………..
34. accumulate ……………………………….
35. reflect……………………………………….
36. annoy ………………………………………
37. celebrate …………………………………..
38. irritate ………………………………………
39. disappoint …………………………………
40. conclude ……………………………………
EXERCISE 6 : Write the noun form of the following words using any of the noun-forming suffixes. Some of the words have two or more noun forms, with a different meaning.
Example : capable – capability
capacity
1. sponsor ………………………
2. attach …………………………
3. occupy (4) ………………….
4. rob (2) ……………………….
5. please ………………………..
6. drain …………………………
7. proceed ……………………..
8. compatible …………………
9. seize ………………………….
10. exhibit………………………..
11. national (3) ………………..
12. compete (2) ……………….
13. terrorise (2) ……………….
14. suffer (2) …………………..
15. depend (2) …………………
16. thick………………………….
17. criticise …………………….
18. equip ………………………..
19. bound ……………………….
20. idle……………………………
21. fulfil ………………………..
22. fundamental (2) ………..
23. carry ……………………….
24. pursue ……………………..
25. industrial (3) ……………
26. wild ……………………….
27. cordial ……………………
28. accelerate (2)
29. remove ……………………
30. hopeless ………………….
31. describe …………………..
32. efficient……………………
33. constrain ………………….
34. adequate …………………..
35. real (3) …………………….
36. rehearse …………………..
37. bake (2) …………………..
38. approve ……………………
39. tend …………………………
40. dense ……………………….
41. prejudge …………………..
42. suppose ……………………
43. consume (2) ……………..
44. visible ………………………
45. leak………………………….
46. like …………………………..
47. postpone ……………………
48. perform (2) ……………….
49. friend ……………………….
50. recur ………………………….
EXERCISE 7 : Choose the correct answer.
1- Dorothea Lange’s photographs show the……….. of homeless migrant workers during the Great Depression.
A) repayment B) validity
C) compensation D) insulation
E) desperation
2- There is a boating lake, a swimming pool and a bowling alley at Central Park and lots of other things you can do for ………….
A) collection B) recreation
C) extension D) fixture
E) compound
3- We have had a new telephone system fitted today, but at the moment, we are experiencing a lot of ………. on the phone lines,
A) interference B) stability
C) occurrence D) fulfilment
E) attitude
4- When his mother died, his total ……….. included a large house, £50,000 and a large collection of antiques, but he gambled it all away in less than a year.
A) inheritance B) donation
C) adoption D) hindrance
E) treatment
5- They fought bitterly about how their possessions should be divided, but eventually they came to a/an ………. . She would keep the house and he would keep the car and all their savings.
A) contraction B) carriage
C) engagement D) agreement
E) ceremony
6- They sent someone from another department to help us get the order out on time, but as he is unfamiliar with our systems, he has been more of a ………. than a help.
A) hesitation B) postponement
C) hindrance D) treatment
E) participation
EXERCISE 16 : Write the adjective forms of the following words and their opposites with dis-, in-, un-, non- and -less.
EXERCISE 17 : Complete the following sentences, using the negative adjectives from the list above.
1- Despite its name, ginger beer is …………………….. and perfectly safe for children to drink.
2- He would like to open another restaurant, but at the moment, he has …………………….. money.
3- We had expected an active day out with Stephen and his brother and sister, but unfortunately, the heavy rain made us stay at home, so we spent a/an …………………….. day watching television.
4- The captain knew he would be overpowered by the enemy, but he was …………………….. to surrender and decided to fight on.
5- It is an affluent country and, although there is some poverty, slums are …………………….. . All the housing is at least adequate.
6- The furniture polish the cleaner uses smells disgusting. Can’t we buy her some with a/an …………………….. smell, or even a perfumed one with a pleasant scent?
7- The air stewardess was told that she would appear …………………….. if she didn’t address the foreign ambassador as ‘Your Excellency”.
8- Martin Luther King met a bloody death, despite advocating …………………….. civil rights activities himself.
9- When learning a foreign language, you should have a good dictionary, which is a/an …………………….. tool you will use constantly to look up new words or check the meanings of vocabulary.
10- In Japan during the Second World War, it was considered …………………….. to allow oneself to be captured. The decent course of action was suicide.
11- Stewart rode his bike along the side of the river, which was …………………….. as his mother had told him not to.
12- The new tax law is …………………….. to those who have their own cars but are also given company cars by their employers. They will pay more tax.
13- The result of the Battle of Bull Run in the American Civil War was …………………….. . It was not a clear victory for either side.
14- She is finding it difficult to be punctual for her new job as she is …………………….. to getting up so early in the morning.
15- Dad has been struggling with his car engine non-stop since the morning, and I’m afraid it is in a much worse condition now. Isn’t it time that he realised he is …………………….. at repairing things?
16- Although the true capital of Benin is Porto-Novo, the …………………….. capital and the political and commercial centre of the country is Cotonou.
EXERCISE 18 : Add un- or dis- to the verbs below.
NOTE : dis-, eklendiği fiile olumsuz bir anlam kazandırır.
like — dislike (sevmek — sevmemek)
believe — disbelieve (inanmak — inanmamak)
un- ise, yapılan eylemin tersini ifade eder. Genellikle un+verb Türkçeye olumlu bir anlamda çevrilir.
cover — uncover (örtmek — (kapalı bir şeyi) açmak)
lock — unlock (kilitlemek — (kilitli bir şeyi) açmak)
EXERCISE 19 : Complete the following sentences, using the negative verbs from the list above, in the correct form.
1- If there is no air turbulence, passengers can normally ………………….. their seat belts, once the plane has taken off.
2- She had done the pattern in her knitting wrong and had to ………………….. most of it.
3- My husband always ………………….. everything electrical before he goes to bed.
4- My parents ………………….. of smoking and don’t allow anyone to smoke in their house.
5- The flood waters were contaminated with sewage, so the area had to be thoroughly ………………….. before the residents could return to their homes.
6- Fire extinguishers normally ………………….. either water or foam.
7- Because the rooms were expensive, we were expecting a luxury hotel, so we were quite ………………….. to find out that there were very few facilities.
8- There are two restaurants at the hotel and most people like to eat in the upstairs restaurant, so the work load between the two is ………………….. . The waiters in the upstairs restaurant have much more to do than their counterparts downstairs.
9- In the athletic sport of long jump, a jumper is ………………….. if he steps over a white line before leaping into the sand pit.
10- The reel of a fishing rod is designed in such a way that the line ………………….. without any friction. This allows the fisherman to cast his line at a distance accurately.
11- The Mayor ………………….. a plaque at the new hotel in celebration of its opening.
12- Because more and more rich people are buying second homes in the country and driving up the prices of rural housing, many country people are being ………………….. and are being replaced by business people.
13- As the Governor ………………….. from his private jet, he was assassinated by a terrorist.
14- Our best player ………………….. his elbow during the match, but he has recovered now and will play next week.
15- The policeman signalled for me to stop. After parking in front of me, he ………………….. from his motorcycle and walked towards me, opening his notepad.
16- When all the facts were ………………….. to the public, it became clear that the government of the time were telling the English public that British beef was safe to eat, when they had plenty of evidence to the contrary.
EXERCISE 20 : Add mis- or dis- to the following words.
NOTE : mis-, eklendiği sözcüğe “yanlış” anlamını verir.
understand — misunderstand ( anlamak — yanlış anlamak)
dis- ise sözcüğü olumsuz yapar.
orderly — disorderly (düzenli — düzensiz)
EXERCISE 21 : Complete the following sentences, using the negative words from the list above in correct forms.
1- If the government of the time knew that British beef was unsafe to eat and still proclaimed that there was no problem with it, then they seriously ………………….. the public.
2- I’m sorry, Sir. I’m afraid you have been ………………….. . The conference doesn’t start until three o’clock this afternoon.
3- Five years ago she won the lottery, but she quickly ………………….. her fortune on parties, gambling and clothes.
4- Over 18,000 buildings ………………….. immediately during the atomic bombing of Nagasaki. Not a trace of them was left.
5- The bar gets so smoky that the wallpaper, which was once white, has ………………….. and turned to a dirty brown.
6- My son continually ………………….. the word, ‘governor’. He always forgets that there is an ‘r’ in the middle of the word.
7- We could have won the match, if only Andy Gray hadn’t ………………….. his shot at goal and sent the ball wide of the post.
8- The managing director is ………………….. with the performance of our branch and has called an emergency meeting to discuss ways in which we can improve our productivity.
9- Layfayette, who became a hero in the American Revolution, was imprisoned for five years in 1792 for being ………………….. to the Queen of France.
10- In the famous incident known as ‘The Mutiny on the Bounty’, the ship’s captain, Bligh, was set adrift by his crew for ………………….. them.
11- They had always held the professor in the highest esteem, but when they heard about his drinking and gambling, they became ………………….. and could no longer take his theories seriously.
12- Moths and butterflies are not ………………….. from each other, but butterflies fly during the day and moths emerge at night.
13- Sugar cane and sugar beat are processed into syrup or granules so that they …………………. in tea, coffee and other liquids.
14- Don’t you dare ………………….. at Aunt Lucy’s this afternoon. She is very old and not in the best of health, so please be good for her.
15- The family have suffered a great deal of ………………….. lately. He has lost his job, her mother has become ill and the roof of their house has started leaking.
16- Although hundreds of hopeful customers rushed to the store, they found out that the newspaper ………………….. the company’s advertisement and that the new washing machines were not £50.99 but £150.99.
D- SOME VERB -FORMING AFFIXE S
-en, -fy (-ify), -ise (-ize) ve -ate ekleri bazı isimlerin ve sıfatların sonuna eklenerek fiil türetir.
ADJECTIVE VERB NOUN VERB
dark
short
deep
mad
darken shorten deepen madden length strength threat fright lengthen strengthen threaten frighten
ADJECTIVE
VERB NOUN VERB
real
civil
equal
modern
realise civilise equalise modernise memory familiar apology critic memorise familiarise apologise criticise
ADJECTIVE
VERB NOUN VERB
simple
ample
clear
pure
simplify amplify clarify purify beauty terror class justice beautify terrify classify justify
ADJECTIVE
VERB NOUN VERB
active
necessary
different
alien
activate necessitate differentiate alienate stimulus assassin motive accent stimulate assassinate motivate accentuate
En- eki, bazı sözcüklerin önüne gelerek fiil türetir.
ADJECTIVE VERB NOUN VERB
sure
large
rich
able
ensure enlarge enrich enable cage danger courage trap encage endanger encourage entrap
ac-, im- ve be-, bazı fiillerin oluşumunda görebileceğimiz eklerdir.
knowledge -acknowledge
prison – imprison
friend – befriend
EXERCISE 22 : Write the verb forms of the following words, using the affixes -en, -fy (-ify), -se (-ise), -ate and en-.
1. analysis …………………….
2. social …………………….
3. standard …………………….
4. sign …………………….
5. colony …………………….
6. case …………………….
7. loose …………………….
8. soft …………………….
9. familiar …………………….
10. sweet …………………….
11. joy …………………….
12. fabric …………………….
13. vapour …………………….
14. straight …………………….
15. sharp …………………….
16. circle …………………….
17. tranquil …………………….
18. hospital …………………….
19. worse …………………….
20. economy …………………….
21. less …………………….
22. invalid …………………….
23. false …………………….
24. terror …………………….
25. horror …………………….
26. décor …………………….
27. tail …………………….
28. ripe …………………….
29. identity …………………….
30. formula …………………….
EXERCISE 23 : Complete the sentences, using the verbs from the list in EXERCISE 22. Use the correct form of the verb.
1- If he doesn’t have this operation, his limp might …………………….. to a situation in which he can’t walk at all.
2- The painter was supposed to start…………………….. the reception area today, but for some reason he hasn’t turned up.
3- We normally eat at a restaurant on Friday nights, but we haven’t been doing so for the last three weeks as we are trying to …………………….. so that we will be able to afford a holiday abroad this year.
4- The computer programmer …………………….. a program for the head chef which calculates his wholesale food order at the touch of a button.
5- The film from the shop’s closed-circuit television camera helped …………………….. the robber and it was not long before the police were arresting him.
6- The forged one-hundred-dollar bills were very close copies of genuine money, but the police laboratory technicians …………………….. the paper and this proved that they were counterfeit.
7- The nation of Ghana, which was …………………….. by the British in 1874, gained independence in 1957.
8- Low calorie soft drinks are …………………….. with artificial additives such as saccharin and aspartame.
9- The upper part of the city of Quebec is …………………….. entirely by heavy walls built by the British in the early 19th century.
10- The referee must make sure that a weight lifter lifts the bar up until both his arms are …………………….. completely. Only then does the lift count as a successful attempt.
11- The bananas we buy in our shops are picked from the tree when they are green and left to
…………………….. during the long voyage here.
12- We refer to Chinese as a language, but this language varies from region to region, to such an extent that understanding can be difficult. In an effort to …………………….. the language throughout the country, the Chinese government developed Pinyin in 1953, which uses the Roman alphabet to spell words and to indicate their pronunciation.
13- The woman appeared before television cameras and was tearful and distraught as she described how her boyfriend had been stabbed by an attacker. Later it emerged that she had …………………….. this entire story. She had actually stabbed him herself.
14- Heavy oil, gasoline and kerosene are all extracted from crude oil in the course of it being …………………….. but they are formed at different temperatures.
15- If you work while you are staying in this country on a student visa, this may …………………….. your visa and you could be asked to leave.
16- She bought an antique jewellery box, which was made of wood …………………….. in ivory and gold.
17- Apparently, everybody …………………….. the party very much, especially the food, which was delicious.
18- Training as a chartered accountant…………………….. three years at university, followed by four years’ practical training.
19- The owner and the accountant of the company were arrested because it turned out that they had ………………………….. many of the documents and received tax return from the state on goods a hundred times more than what they actually exported.
20- The sight of her best, friend from school living in such poverty …………………….. her.
21- It took all of his strength to keep a tight grip on the rope, taut he knew that if he …………………….. his grip, his companion would fall to his death in the valley below.
22- The dam on the Columbia River has two positive roles: It generates electricity and …………………….. the danger of floods.
23- Many early civilisations used arrows to kill animals. Arrows were made from stone, shell, horn, antlers or bone …………………….. into a point.
24- The Romans conquered Britain, but they failed to overpower the tribes of the North, so, in order to stop these painted warriors from …………………….. them in sporadic raids, they built a wall stretching from one coast of England to the other.
25- If she wants to enter the race for a position on the council, she will have to …………………….. more with prominent people in the town.
26- In sign language, which is used in communication involving deaf people, a different position of the hand and fingers …………………….. a different letter.
27- She thought that she would have to be ……………………… but the surgeons were able to carry out the minor surgery during the day and she returned home that evening.
28- Your university course starts on the 1st October, but we recommend that you arrive a couple of clays earlier and use this time to …………………….. yourself with the facilities, such as the library.
29- Before the tigers were transported from the Greek zoo to England, the warden …………………….. them using a special medication.
30- Because the water is particularly hard where we live, we have installed an appliance to the tap which …………………….. the water.
E- THE ADVERB-FORMING SUFFIXES
-ly eki, sıfatlara ve bazı isimlere eklenerek zarf türetir.
ADJECTIVE ADVERB ADJECTIVE ADVERB
happy
wise
gentle
cruel
happily wisely gently cruelly skilful shy favourable free skilfully shyly favourably freely
NOUN
ADVERB NOUN ADVERB
hour
day
night
hourly daily nightly week month year weekly monthly yearly
-wise, eklendiği sözcüğe zarf anlamı kazandıran bir ektir. Yaygın olarak kullanılmaz. Ancak, “similarly” ile aynı anlamı veren “likewise” ve “or else” anlamını veren “otherwise” yaygın olarak kullanılan zarflardır.
Bazı sözcükler başına a- eki alarak zarf işlevi görürler.
board cross float like — aboard — across — afloat — alike part — shore — head — side — apart ashore ahead aside
EXERCISE 24 : Give the adjective and adverb forms of the following words
ADJECTIVE ADVERB
1- Offend …………………………. ……………………..
2- sense (2) …………………………. ……………………..
3- suffice …………………………. ……………………..
4- tact …………………………. ……………………..
5- extend …………………………. ……………………..
6- consider (2) …………………………. ……………………..
7- sarcasm …………………………. ……………………..
8- base …………………………. ……………………..
9- envy (2) …………………………. ……………………..
10- elegance …………………………. ……………………..
11- excess …………………………. ……………………..
12- anxiety …………………………. ……………………..
13- specify …………………………. ……………………..
14- relation …………………………. ……………………..
15- persuade …………………………. ……………………..
16- coincide …………………………. ……………………..
17- history …………………………. ……………………..
18- defence …………………………. ……………………..
19- hazard …………………………. ……………………..
20- expense …………………………. ……………………..
EXERCISE 25 : Complete the sentences with an adjective or adverb from the list in EXERCISE 24.
1- Charles Dickens wrote in detail about the daily life of his day in his works; therefore, his books provide an accurate …………………….. account of conditions at the time as well as being entertaining.
2- There was ice on the roads this morning, making the road …………………….. . We had to be careful not to skid on the ice.
3- Do you think she is …………………….. talented to gain a scholarship to art school?
4- Because my eyes are ……………………… to sunlight, I always have to wear sunglasses whenever it is sunny.
5- ……………………… the couple that have bought my mother’s house work in the same office as me. I hadn’t mentioned that the house was for sale. They had seen it in the local newspaper.
6- Graham Green wrote …………………….. about spies and foreign espionage. In fact, he wrote so many novels that he even forgot that he had written one book and left it unpublished for years.
7- She was not………………………. enough to avoid hurting his feelings when she criticised him in front of many others.
8- As the ugly man with the scar prepared his punch, Adrian held his hands over his face ……………………. .
9- I hadn’t really considered solar heating before, but the salesman detailed the benefits to us so …………………….. that we believe it is by far the best option for us.
10- This tool kit is designed …………………….. for model aircraft enthusiasts. It has all the tools needed to construct a detailed model.
11- The motorist waited …………………….. in the service reception while the service manager calculated his bill. He hoped the repairs wouldn’t cost him his entire week’s wages.
12- Since he won the game show, Craig has had …………………….. success as a TV personality.
13- The City & Guild’s Food Hygiene Certificate is the most…………………….. requirement for anyone working in a commercial kitchen. Of course, there are many more advanced qualifications available.
14- Susan was given the …………………….. job of greeting the President and his wife at the airport and escorting them to their hotel. Everyone working in the airport services division wished they had been given this task to perform.
15- After inheriting his father’s business, he began to drink …………………….., which eventually destroyed his life.
16- Liam Gallagher is notorious for shouting …………………….. remarks at other celebrities. Just last week, he insulted Robbie Williams and Kylie Monogue.
17- We got on the wrong bus by mistake, which meant that we arrived at the airport too late to board our plane. It cost us an extra £250 to fly home, so it was quite a/an …………………….. mistake.
18- Americans have always visited Mexico, but in …………………….. small numbers. In recent years, the Mexican government has invested heavily in attracting tourists and the country’s beaches are becoming very popular.
19- I could not believe how beautiful Jamie looked dressed in a/an …………………….. evening dress. I had only ever seen her in jeans.
20- After Dorothy’s picture appeared in the local newspaper because she had won the local bowls championships, one of her colleagues …………………….. told her that she would be famous. Dorothy took his comments seriously, though, and expected a national magazine to contact her.
2- WORD FORMATION
İngilizce sözcük dağarcığınızı geliştirmek için iyi bir yöntem, bildiğiniz bir sözcükten başka sözcükler türetebilmek ya da yeni bir sözcük öğrenirken, onu diğer türleriyle birlikle öğrenmektir. Bilmediğiniz bir sözcüğün anlamını öğrenmek için sözlüğe baküğımzda. o sözcüğün diğer türlerini ya aynı bölümde ya da yakınında bulacaksınız. Bunların hepsine göz gezdirmek size çok şey kazandıracaktır.
Örneğin “compel” fiilini öğrendiğiniz zaman ondan türeyen şu sözcükleri de dağarcığınıza eklemek mümkündür.
compelling compulsory compulsive(ly) compulsion
Bu bölümdeki alıştırmalarda sizden istenen, birinci bölümde incelediğimiz ekleri de gözönünde bulundurarak, verilen sözcükten cümleye uygun yeni bir sözcük türetmektir. Bu alış tırmalan yaparken, öncelikle cümleyi dikkatle okuyunuz ve cümleyi tamamlayacak olan sözcüğün türünü belirlcytniz (isim,.sıfat, zarf. fiil). Eğer sözcük bir isim ise tekil ya da çoğul oluşunu; sıfat ya da zarf ise olumlu ya da olumsuz oluşunu; fiil ise, tense kurallarını da dikkate alınız.
Example :
1- It has been raining ……………… for two days. (STEADY)
2- Most of the …………….. were arrested. (DEMONSTRATE)
3- Trains are so ……………… that 1 have to take the bus to work. (RELY)
4- In order to …………………. the economy, the government has taken certain measures recently. (STABLE)
Bu cümlelerden birincisinde, boşluğa “yağmurun nasıl yağdığım” anlatan bir sözcük yani bir zarf getirilmesi gerekiyor: steadily
İkinci cümlede, bir isim tamlamasının, isim bölümünün olmadığını görüyoruz. Ancak getireceğimiz ismin çoğul olması gerekiyor: demonstrators
Üçüncü cümlede, bunluğa getireceğimiz sözcüğün ‘Trains” öznesini tanımlayan bir sıfat olması gerekiyor. Cümlenin devamından, trenlerle ilgili bir olumsuzluğun ifade edildiği anlaşıldığı için. bu sıfatın olumsuz olması gerekiyor: unreliable
Dördüncü cümledeki boşluk ise bir âil gereküıiyor: stabilise
WORD FORMATION 1
1- There have been a number of …………………………. killings in American schools in recent years. SENSE
2- Room 13 is filled with the …………………………. smell of stale tobacco. Would you please spray some air freshener in it? PLEASE
3- It was much harder to ski on traditional wooden skis. They were harder to turn due to their …………………………. . RIGID
4- Two men were arguing in the street last night. I don’t know what they were arguing about, but they were causing quite a …………………………. . DISTURB
5- In Quebec province, …………………………. in French is required by virtually all employers. FLUENT
6- His loving wife placed the wreath of flowers …………………………. on his coffin. MOURN
7- He is leading an expedition to try to find the …………………………. of a ship which sank during World War II carrying Jews” across the Black Sea. WRECK
8- I went back to the shop to buy another one at the same price for my brother, but, ………………………….. they had sold out of them. FORTUNE
9- Bill Bryson adds his sense of humour to …………………………. accounts of his journeys around the world to make them enjoyable reading. FACT
10- The Moorish kingdom in Spain collapsed in the 15th century due to a ……………………. of Spanish military strength and internal unrest. COMBINE
11- It was the knowledge of his loving family campaigning for his release that made imprisonment ………………………….. BEAR
12- It is not so much the heat in Houston, Texas, that makes living without air-conditioning unbearable, but the …………………………. . HUMID
13- Heinrich Boll wrote many novels and won the Nobel prize for literature, but for me his …………………………. is reflected most powerfully in his ironic and humorous short stories. BRILLIANT
14- The Normandy landing was one of the …………………………. battle scenes in the entire Second World War. BLOOD
15- The saying, ‘…………………………. is better than cure,’ refers to the belief that it is better to do everything in one’s power to avoid an illness than to deal with its consequences. PREVENT
16- The common …………………………. known as a cleft palate is quite easy to rectify with modern surgical techniques. ABLE
17- Carl has become a little …………………………. at work and has started looking for a better job. CONTENT
18- You have to pay a ten-pound …………………………. deposit. If you decide not to take the coach trip, then you lose your deposit. REFUND
19- Don’t feel like a …………………………. just because you didn’t get an ‘A’ for geometry. You can’t be good at everything. FAIL
20- The children who have grown up in Sierra Leone during their bloody civil war have witnessed unparalleled ………………………….. such as instant executions and amputations. BRUTAL
WORD FORMATION 2
1- I’m sorry, but your handing in every assignment late is totally …………………………. . ACCEPT
2- Hong Kong Chinese have made up a sizeable ethnic …………………………. in Canada since China regained control of their territory. MINOR
3- The …………………………. of miners voted against the strike for fear that they would lose their jobs. MAJOR
4- She has been working from home since the …………………………. of her son in September. BEAR
5- While experience in sales isn’t a …………………………. for this job as training will be given, it would be helpful. NECESSITATE
6- Last week Chloe was going to leave and now she is applying for the training program. I have never known anyone so …………………………. . DECIDE
7- Gordon accepted the mission ………………………….. He was forced to do it by his commander. VOLUNTEER
8- Initially the council refused planning permission for their new house. It was only because of her …………………………. that they agreed. PERSIST
9- You should stay off work today; otherwise, your condition might …………………………. WORSE
10- Ironically, the floods led to a …………………………. of clean drinking water as most of the water was contaminated with chemicals and sewage. SHORT
11- Terry Vandan writes …………………………. for The Daily Mail and never agrees to write articles for any other newspaper. EXCLUDE
12- The small village church has had hundreds of visitors since a widow reported the face of Jesus …………………………. appearing on the ceiling of the building. MIRACLE
13- Simon seems to enjoy doing …………………………. things, such as rock-climbing, paragliding and mountaineering. DANGER
14- Some of the other players joined in the ………………………. with the referee. ARGUE
15- He behaved so badly in prison that he was put into solitary …………………………. CONFINE
16- My sister loves living in Texas, but I find the …………………………. there in the summer unbearable. HOT
17- Cecile had two …………………………. . She could study at Oxford or she could travel to America to study at Harvard. CHOOSE
18- The suspect is being …………………………. . He has refused to tell the police anything about the drug smuggling gang. COOPERATE
19- When the …………………………. of the Ottoman house is completed , it is going to be opened as a hotel. RESTORE
20- There is no …………………………. between the coastal holiday resorts of the British Isles and those on the Mediterranean. The latter are far superior. COMPARE
WORD FORMATION 3
1- real
a) Although Stephen is optimistic about his work with the charity which helps refugees and provides lawyers for them, he is also a ……………………… and accepts that many of them will eventually be deported.
b) George had always believed in the captain, so the ………………………. that the scandal was true came as a terrible shock.
c) The reports in the German state-owned newspaper during the Second World War bore no relation to the ……………………… . They reported great victories for the Germans and many citizens were shocked when they learnt the truth.
2- imagine
a) My friend’s four-year-old son has an ……………………… friend called Amos and he even insists that a place for Amos is laid at the table. He pretends to feed him.
b) A: What will be the new product for which we will design an advertising campaign as our assignment?
B: I have no idea.
A: Neither have I, but we had better use our ………………………. because, until we have thought of a revolutionary new product, we can’t start drawing up a plan.
c) ……………………… horrors took place in the Bosnian War. The way people were treated was disgusting.
3- hesitate
a) His opponent beat him to the buzzer, so a moment’s ……………………… lost Jeffrey the final and the prize of a new car.
b) As she was not entirely certain of the information she had, she responded to the teacher’s question ……………………… .
c) She was a little ……………………… about agreeing to the idea at first, but then she decided to take the risk.
4- able
a) Although architects and city planners in developed countries are increasingly aware of the needs of …………………….. people, there are still areas where â person confined to a wheelchair cannot enter.
b) The doctor was ……………………… assisted by two nurses.
c) There are a number of skills and ……………………… which are essential for teaching children.
5- produce
a) The workers have been ……………………… today because they have been too busy discussing the proposed strike.
b) Mobile phones that can connect to the Internet are a super new ……………………… .
c) Because of the economic crisis, the factory ended ……………………… two weeks ago.
6- stable
a) The economic crisis in East Asia is largely to blame for the ……………………… in Indonesia at the moment.
b) As soon as his condition ………………………. we can transfer him from the intensive care unit to a normal ward.
c) Children who have grown up in ……………………… home environments very often develop psychological problems that last into the adulthood.
7- active
a) The detonator on a land mine is ……………………… when somebody treads on it or a vehicle runs over it.
b) While he is no longer ……………………… involved in running the company, the directors often ask him for his advice.
c) In the summer the staff at the crèche organise some outdoor ……………………… for the children.
8- differ
a) I love planning the interior design of our house, but my husband shows a complete …………………….. to it.
b) Vanessa and I answered the same essay question, but I approached the subject completely …………………….. from her.
c) Wild sheep are ……………………… from domesticated sheep in both size and colour.
9- destroy
a) The fire caused the complete ……………………… of the night club.
b) Although the toy manufacturers claimed that the toy was virtually ………………………. our son had only had it half an hour when he broke it.
c) Ambition in a moderate amount is necessary for success, but too much of it can be ………………………
10- profession
a) The Mayor applauded the council for working with such ……………………… .
b) He became a ………………………. in September after appearing in many amateur productions.
c) Arriving late for his appointment with the client was totally ……………………… .
11- argue
a) She isn’t speaking to Bob because they have had an ……………………… .
b) He is always so ……………………… and disagrees with everything she says.
c) Leonardo da Vinci was ……………………… the most multi-talented man who has ever lived.
12- patient
a) He could have been a great manager if it hadn’t been for his ……………………… with all the staff.
b) He waited ……………………… tapping his foot on the floor to show his agitation.
c) Being a house painter takes a certain amount of ……………………… because the painter needs to take his time in order to produce a good job and sometimes he has to wait for the paint to dry.
13- responsible
a) His mother didn’t think he had acted ……………………… and said he wasn’t ready to go into town on his own.
b) As the flood warden, it is his ……………………… to phone any businesses and residents who are likely to be affected by a flood.
c) She is a/an ……………………… mother who lets her eight-year-old son play outside until midnight.
14- predict
a) I didn’t enjoy the film as the plot was clearly ……………………… from the beginning. I like films which keep the audience in suspense till the end.
b) The film was great. The ending was so ……………………… that it came as a great surprise.
c) He made many ……………………… about the future, several of which have already come true.
15- inform
a) The leaflet contains ……………………… about meningitis and how to detect it.
b) The programme on cancer treatment was very ………………………. wasn’t it? We have learnt a Jot about the new techniques.
c) I’m sorry, but I think you have been ……………………… . The library is closed on Thursday afternoons.
16- decorate
a) Are these flower-shaped things on top of the cake edible or are they purely
b) The ……………………… are going to paint the reception after the restaurant, so can you cover all the furniture with these white sheets?
c) The family have put up some ……………………… for the party they are giving in honour of Mark’s homecoming.
17- courage
a) Being aware of the difficulties, her mother didn’t ……………………… her to be a ballerina like herself, but she was determined to study at ballet school.
b) He ………………………. swam put into the shark-infested water in order to save the drowning boy.
c) It took a great deal of ……………………… from her friends and family before Jackie entered the talent contest.
18- enthuse
a) He is a sporting ……………………… and plays tennis, basketball and hockey.
b) I don’t think he will put aside much time for the campaigning because he is giving his support ……………………… .
c) Barış Manço always had a great ……………………… for helping children and many of them looked up to him.
19- separate
a) The two friends study together, play together and eat together most evenings. They are practically ……………………….
b) The hardest thing for Mark to bear in prison was the long ……………………… from his family.
c) I don’t want to see you both together. Would you come and see me ………………………. please?
20- excuse
a) I think the act itself was ………………………. but the way they tried to cover it up was unforgivable.
b) Could I be ……………………… from the table as I have a lot of homework to do?
c) He was ……………………… late for the monthly meeting with the board of directors, which made the manager furious.
1- I didn’t ………… we would be leaving quite so early.
A) consult B) expect C) wait
D) ask E) determine (ÖYS 1991)
2- They couldn’t find a house in London at a price they could………… .
A) obtain B) demand C) get
D) afford E) require (ÖYS 1991)
3- Although he appears to be fluent in English, his sentences are full of grammatical ………… .
A) wrongs B) dangers C) mistakes
D) duties E) rules (ÖYS 1992)
4- The new cashier soon ………. himself to be both efficient and trustworthy.
A) proved B) spoiled C) exaggerated
D) upheld E) undermined (ÖYS 1992)
5- Have you seen the ………… for the 5 day-trip to Scotland for only $ 150 ?
A) reservation B) dream C) holiday
D) advertisement E) newspaper (ÖYS 1993)
6- Such accidents are usually the result of carelessness and can be avoided by taking a few simple …………. .
A) reasons B) wonders C) explanations
D) precautions E) introductions (ÖYS 1994)
7- I didn’t want to ………. with Peter about doing the washing up.
A) apologize B) conclude C) quarrel
D) contrast E) blame (ÖYS 1995)
8- What attracted most attention in his speech was his ………. to create new jobs.
A) strike B) election C) precaution
D) promise E) doubt (ÖYS 1995)
9- In order to ………… this theory, we carried out a number of experiments.
A) contest B) persuade C) inherit
D) engage E) demonstrate (ÖYS 1996)
10- The ……… about the date of the meeting was the result of a typing error.
A) dependence B) approval C) confusion
D) expression E) contribution (ÖYS 1996)
11- Our school has managed to collect a lot of books to ………. to the children in a village school.
A) distribute B) publish C) contain
D) depart E) employ (ÖYS 1997)
12- Everyone knows that these two firms have been in fierce ……… to get the job of running the hotel.
A) involvement B) management C) reference
D) arrangement E) competition (ÖYS 1997)
13- I don’t know the scheduled time of……….. but I do know that the plane to Istanbul has already left.
A) purchase B) customs C) accommodation
D) reference E) departure (ÖYS 1998)
14- Parents who understand child behaviour are more ……. about their ability to handle difficult situations.
A) familiar B) watchful C) confident
D) virtuous E) forgiving (ÖYS 1998)
15- Although the new manager has been very strict with us, he is highly ……. by everyone in the company.
A) required B) respected C) refused
D) challenged E) expected (ÖYS 1998)
16- Foods that were …….. seasonal may now be found throughout the year.
A) properly B) satisfactorily C) previously
D) rapidly E) seriously (ÖYS 1998)
17- During a family discussion on our next holiday plans, my father asked me for my ……… .
A) opposition B) reason C) disappointment
D) suggestion E) denial (YDS 1999)
18- They …….. that their team is far better than ours and they expect to win the forthcoming match.
A) claim B) regard C) include
D) prefer E) object (YDS 1999)
19- Several of my friends have entered the …….. but none of them expects to win.
A) performance B) application C) competition
D) responsibility E) vacancy (YDS 2000)
20- The survivors of the shipwreck who were able to reach the land decided to ……. a fire and wait to be rescued.
A) make B) do C) show
D) set E) put (YDS 2000)
21- The melting of all the ice mass in the Arctic would …….. the sea level by several metres.
A) establish B) preserve C) raise
D) restore E) spoil (YDS 2000)
22- I tried hard to ….. why the motor would have to be replaced, but he couldn’t understand what I was trying to say.
A) insist B) complain C) reply
D) inform E) explain (YDS 2001)
23- The market for computers and all related goods has been ….. rapidly in recent years.
A) reaching B) expanding C) exploring
D) exceeding E) disturbing (YDS 2001)
24- The company is not only looking for well-qualified people, it also wants them to be ….. about their work.
A) enthusiastic B) comprehensive C) relevant
D) indifferent E) convenient (YDS 2001)
25- I met your father once years ago, but I can ….. remember him.
A) hardly B) enormously C) extremely
D) immensely E) simultaneously (YDS 2001)
1- Housework and laundry are ……….. jobs. No one has ever won an award for keeping the cleanest house in the area.
A) priceless B) thankless
C) ruthless D) faithful
E) eventful
2- She didn’t want her husband to give up his job at the bank and set up a restaurant, yet, although ………… she helped him decorate his new business premises.
A) reluctantly B) persistently
C) irreversibly D) attentively
E) solely
3- I ……….. the beans in plenty of water for about twenty minutes before I mixed them with the sauce.
A) boiled B) fried
C) grilled D) broiled
E) roasted
4- Had it been a light shower, we probably would have strolled around the open market in Venice, but the rain was ………… so we found a cafe and watched the rain instead.
A) wet B) waterproof
C) soothing D) predictable
E) torrential
5- Three hundred people used to work at this factory, but that was before the complete ……….. of the production process. Now machines have replaced most of them.
A) priority B) formation
C) practicality D) automation
E) celebration
6- The shop-assistant claimed that this product would kill weeds ………… but I’ve used it twice in my garden and I still have to pull out weeds here and there.
A) interestingly B) effectively
C) descriptively D) superficially
E) courageously
7- You don’t need any special ……….. to go hiking, whereas for mountaineering, you require quite a few specialist items, such as ropes, hooks and ice-axes.
A) equipment B) directions
C) recommendation D) exercise
E) attachments
8- In Turkey, cafes, which provide a place for people to meet, play cards and chat without spending much money, are very ………. in villages. In fact, there are hardly any without one.
A) sparse B) proportionate
C) common D) extravagant
E) frequent
9- The river is dangerously high. If you stand and watch it, you can actually see the water level …………
A) exceeding B) raising
C) expanding D) rising
E) reckoning
10- We didn’t ……….. to sell out of this item so soon; otherwise, we would have ordered more of it.
A) dictate B) consult
C) assume D) expect
E) wait
11- Only five years ago, digital video diskettes were too expensive for most people, but now they are ……….. for almost anyone and very popular.
A) affordable B) demanding
C) sustainable D) compatible
E) predictable
12- I usually ask someone else to read my essays before I hand them in as I don’t always see my own ……….. .
A) dangers B) wrongs
C) mistakes D) rules
E) duties
13- Nelson Mandela ……….. himself to be not only an effective campaigner for equality in South Africa but also a fitting president of the country.
A) spoiled B) proved
C) undermined D) exaggerated
E) cautioned
14- The landlady said that all the kitchens in their self-catering apartments have a complete range of cooking ………..
A) weapons B) components
C) segments D) utensils
E) apparatus
15- There are a number of……….. that can be taken against flood damage, including sealing doors and windows and building walls of sandbags.
A) wonders B) reasons
C) precautions D) introductions
E) conclusions
16- The builders had splashed some cement onto the floor and we had to ……….. it off using a knife.
A) grind B) press
C) push D) grate
E) scrape
17- The twins are always ……….. over who needs to use the computer most, so we are going to buy another one.
A) blaming B) concluding
C) contrasting D) quarrelling
E) apologising
18- Malnutrition in the upper classes of society was ……….. unheard of, but today some rich people are so fond of junk food that they acquire vitamin deficiencies.
A) closely B) seriously
C) subsequently D) properly
E) previously
19- The salesmen are attending a trade show in Vienna and it is my job to find suitable ……….. for them there.
A) departure B) accommodation
C) reference D) resemblance
E) composure
20- The student representative should be someone with an outgoing personality and someone who is ……….. by his or her fellow students.
A) respected B) challenged
C) revenged D) refused
E) contested
21- Last summer I got a job ……….. telephone directories to local businesses.
A) publishing B) departing
C) distributing D) containing
E) employing
22- The witness ……….. to tell the court the truth, and nothing but the truth.
A) struck B) swore
C) recounted D) doubted
E) reminded
23- We all thought we were lost. Steve, however, was ……….. of his map reading abilities and assured us that we were on the right path.
A) inestimable B) watchful
C) familiar D) confident
E) envious
24- Before he let the trainees try out the new move, the karate instructor……….. it himself.
A) engaged B) demonstrated
C) persuaded D) inherited
E) indicated
25- When he opened his language school in Welshpool, it was the only one in the town, but since then many more schools have been opened and now there is quite a lot of ……….. in the business.
A) competition B) reference
C) conversation D) compromise
E) management
26- Changing the lecture hall at the last minute caused some ……….. among the students.
A) expression B) approval
C) contribution D) confusion
E) dependence
27- I bought my sister a bracelet as a ……….. for her birthday.
A) bouquet B) ceremony
C) gift D) reward
E) celebration
28- Recent research has suggested that mobile phones are ……….. dangerous, especially for children. Scientists believe that prolonged usage of a mobile phone may damage a child’s brain.
A) potentially B) strategically
C) eventually D) sorrowfully
E) remorsefully
29- After they announced that the company had made a loss, a reduction in the value of their shares was ……….. .
A) impossible B) descriptive
C) inevitable D) illogical
E) illegible
30- As a police officer, Shirley is not supposed to get……….. involved with the families she deals with, although this is sometimes impossible.
A) negligently B) inexcusably
C) emotionally D) regretfully
E) reverently
31- Jason was ……….. accused of killing his wife. In order to fool the police, the murderer had used his gun and made it look as if he had killed her.
A) bravely B) sarcastically
C) voluntarily D) falsely
E) solidly
32- My Indian friend gave me a ……….. for chicken casserole, which I have used several times, and it is very delicious.
A) recipe B) schedule
C) menu D) receipt
E) direction
33- We are less concerned with how fast you can type than with your level of ……….. in spelling and punctuation.
A) construction B) tolerance
C) vigour D) stability
E) accuracy
34- If he hopes one day to be the managing director of the company and works hard for it, then he must be a very ……….. person.
A) shameless B) inferior
C) bearable D) ambitious
E) reliable
35- The disruption to train services throughout the Midlands has caused a lot of ……….. for commuters.
A) conviction B) inconvenience
C) deterioration D) justification
E) observance
36- Obviously, the dog attacked the small child without any ………. . The child was just playing quietly when the animal attacked.
A) acceptance B) destination
C) provocation D) adjustment
E) brutality
37- After six months under siege by the enemy, they had no choice but ……….. or face starvation.
A) wither B) collapse
C) weaken D) loosen
E) surrender
38- A period of drought has created a serious …….. of food in the area.
A) usage B) shortage
C) consumption D) disability
E) failure
39- Because he was wearing a red uniform, we ……….. that the boy standing in front of the hotel was the bellboy.
A) assumed B) requested
C) contained D) analysed
E) rehearsed
40- You can catch an overnight train to Geneva, or ………… you can catch the night bus.
A) considerably B) hastily
C) dramatically D) alternatively
E) systematically
41- If you are committed to achieving your aim, you shouldn’t let minor setbacks ……….. you.
A) oppress B) elevate
C) deceive D) encourage
E) demoralise
42- The first ……… replacement eyes were used by the ancient Egyptians and were moulded from gold or silver. Today, they are produced in plastic and painted to match a patient’s good eye.
A) hygienic B) superficial
C) organic D) man-made
E) traumatic
43- When the biggest car factory in the country closed down, unemployment ……….. its highest level in history.
A) increased B) reached
C) declined D) established
E) achieved
44- Democracy should secure the rights of ethnic ……….. in a country.
A) minorities B) fragments
C)gangs D) bands
E) departments
45- The partners in the business are joint partners and all decisions are made
A) collectively B) positively
C) descriptively D) plainly
E) partially
46- If you are going to the supermarket, would you pick me up a loaf of bread? It doesn’t……….. whether it is wholemeal or white as I want it to make köfte.
A) concern B) matter
C) worry D) charge
E) bother
47- The Christmas Eve party was a ……….. occasion, not because of the food or entertainment, but because it was the night Judy and Jeremy announced their engagement.
A) constructive B) sizeable
C) memorable D) productive
E) relevant
48- We looked after my niece last week and found her well-behaved, lively and intelligent. We have offered to look after her any time as it is a/an ………. having her around.
A) pleasure B) affection
C) likeness D) conspiracy
E) hindrance
49- I’m sorry Sir, but the sign clearly states that the gates are locked at……….. 6 p.m. I know it is only two minutes past, but they are locked automatically and the alarm is set, so I can’t let you out.
A) roughly B) precisely
C) specially D) spitefully
E) utterly
50- It was lovely to see the ……….. in the children’s eyes as they watched the sharks swim around in the aquarium.
A) tolerance B) apathy
C) confusion D) rehearsal
E) amazement
51- Border collie dogs can be bred as pets, but they are more commonly used as sheep dogs. They are known for their good temperament and ………… making them ideal farm dogs.
A) disregard B) obedience
C) description D) movement
E) constitution
52- The new library contains some special features and equipment, such as a ramp for wheelchairs and special typewriters and books for the blind, for the use of people with ……….. .
A) complexions B) irritations
C) disabilities D) situations
E) properties
53- The carpet fitters are coming to lay the carpet today, which should bring the project to ………… so we will be ready to open the new function room on Monday.
A) reliance B) termination
C) completion D) preservation
E) guidance
54- The police made the false ……….. that he had been killed by an enemy and not by a friend.
A) prediction B) forecast
C) documentary D) assumption
E) summary
55- One of the problems the European Commission has faced is ……….. . Projects have been given to friends and relations of committee members.
A) suspicion B) corruption
C) occurrence D) transmission
E) redundancy
56- She embarrassed him in front of everyone ……….. . It is an example of how spiteful she is.
A) intentionally B) tactfully
C) reluctantly D) relatively
E) coincidentally
57- The debate on the radio programme was about whether underwear advertisements should be allowed in public places or whether such types of posters are ………. .
A) worthy B) immoral
C) truthful D) impressed
E) imaginary
58- The villagers had to move quickly before the rebels returned and they didn’t even have time to give their dead relatives a proper ……….. .
A) termination B) concern
C) engagement D) poverty
E) burial
59- In the 1930s, people were so ……….. of the dangers of asbestos that they even used it on domestic ironing boards.
A) hasty B) regardless
C) ignorant D) mindful
E) arrogant
60- To give these tablets to children, you should ……….. them in a little milk or water, or they’ll find them difficult to swallow.
A) dissolve B) magnify
C) shake D) inject
E) reduce
1- According to accounts, when Moses led his people out of slavery, the sea ……….. parted to let them pass.
A) miraculously B) exceptionally
C) productively D) indifferently
E) naturally
2- Because of the high price of cigarettes in the UK, the customs are always on the look-out for lorry drivers trying to ……….. them into the country without declaring them.
A) kidnap B) smuggle
C) assassinate D) conceal
E) slide
3- The English expression “o’clock” is a ……….. of the phrase ‘of the clock’.
A) controversy B) prediction
C) underestimate D) relative
E) contraction
4- Susan moved to the city centre because she was ……… with living in a small village, but soon she began to realise that rural life has many advantages.
A) adequate B) inconsistent
C) discontented D) proportionate
E) integrated
5- Clive has ……….. been in trouble at school and, unless he changes his behaviour, he will be expelled from the school.
A) irresistibly B) moderately
C) extravagantly D) persistently
E) indifferently
6- If your monthly ……….. is greater than your income on a regular basis, then you will most definitely end up in debt.
A) finance B) wage
C) allowance D) earning
E) expenditure
7- John is a terrible driver. Sometimes he ……….. that he is going to turn left and then turns right.
A) predicts B) directs
C) confirms D) exposes
E) indicates
8- The school bullies ……….. Robert that if he told the teacher, they would beat him up.
A) weakened B) threatened
C) flattered D) soothed
E) questioned
9- Whatever the social secretary suggested as a way of celebrating the club’s 10th anniversary, the members seemed ……….. to it. Nothing seemed to excite them very much.
A) indifferent B) considerate
C) enthusiastic D) inclined
E) tactless
10- According to the myth, the Greek army entered Troy ……… in a wooden horse so that they wouldn’t be seen by the enemy.
A) falsified B) entailed
C) formulated D) concealed
E) magnified
11- The campaign organiser collected one hundred ……….. of local residents who were against the resurfacing of their cobbled street.
A) monologues B) operations
C) signatures D) identities
E) personalities
12- Their neighbours have promised to erect a higher fence, but their dog has already escaped and attacked the Smith’s sheep twice. Their opinion is that the dog is a ………. and should be sold.
A) distraction B) miser
C) coward D) menace
E) thief
13- Mary is waiting for a hip operation, but at the moment she cannot get on and off the bus without ……… .
A) tolerance B) hindrance
C) acceptance D) assistance
E) performance
14- The immense area and sparse population in Australia still hinder ………. in some interior areas.
A) depletion B) agreement
C) procession D) adjustment
E) development
15- Have you ……….. all the members about the change of date for the meeting?
A) modified B) notified
C) specialised D) criticized
E) transferred
16- In with my sister’s Christmas card, I have ………. a cheque so that she can buy the children some presents.
A) enclosed B) enveloped
C) packaged D) sorted
E) instructed
17- A triangular ……….. on a dress label means that the item should not be bleached.
A) symbol B) statue
C) portrait D) emblem
E) pattern
18- A boy’s voice becomes lower when he reaches ………. and this usually happens all of a sudden, sometimes even overnight.
A) childhood B) kinship
C) adolescence D) infancy
E) flexibility
19- Under the law in China, it is only ………. for most families to have one child.
A) insistent B) inclusive
C) descriptive D) permissible
E) obsessive
20- My mother ………. my colleague’s voice for mine and started to chat to her about her day. Of course, she felt a bit embarrassed when she realised she was talking to a complete stranger.
A) mistook B) misjudged
C) misheard D) misspent
E) misinterpreted
21- Fulham Football Club have little chance of beating Liverpool in the Football Association Cup, but Trevor is confident his team can win. This is typical of his outlook, which is always ……….. .
A) inventive B) genuine
C) exclusive D) optimistic
E) justifiable
22- This train will terminate at Birmingham due to a mechanical failure. A coach will be waiting for you outside the station to take you to your final ………. .
A) inclination B) indication
C) destination D) objection
E) completion
23- The word ‘slavery’ ……….. pictures of Black Africans in America or slaves in ancient Greece or Rome, but forced labour still occurs today in several places around the world.
A) recollects B) evokes
C) invents D) selects
E) demonstrates
24- The victim’s family are offering 160,000 pounds for information which leads to the ……… of the murderer.
A) approval B) conviction
C) resistance D) realism
E) expectancy
25- The Millennium Dome in London is not a theme park like Disney World as most of the exhibits are ……….. and are designed to be educational.
A) instructive B) efficient
C) desirable D) tolerant
E) strict
26- The residents of that street were ……….. because of the floods and are now being looked after in a local community centre.
A) excavated B) emigrated
C) elevated D) evacuated
E) emptied
27- The seventy-year-old pensioner ………. defended himself against the robber and was praised for his bravery.
A) tolerantly B) gradually
C) relatively D) collectively
E) fearlessly
28- The ……….. at the shopping centre had broken down, so we had to climb up it.
A) staircase B) ladder
C) elevator D) platform
E) escalator
29- I have been doing my algebra homework on my computer all day and although I haven’t done anything ……….. demanding, I’m exhausted.
A) physically B) mentally
C) verbally D) orally
E) sensibly
30- He comes from a very wealthy family who made their ………. from textile manufacturing.
A) dependency B) heirloom
C) fortune D) inheritance
E) estimation
31- As support for his proposal was practically ………. he quickly abandoned the idea.
A) inaccurate B) non-existent
C) uneventful D) sensitive
E) distracting
32- The security code, which is written on every piece of equipment, is ………. unless it is placed under ultraviolet light.
A) invisible B) disobedient
C) odourless D) insufficient
E) tasteless
33- If you live within a ten-mile radius of our store, we can ………. your items free of charge.
A) deceive B) inherit
C) deliver D) interfere
E) progress
34- Under the rules of tennis, the ball can ……….. once inside the opponents half before being hit, but not twice.
A) bounce B) slam
C) float D) throw
E) jump
35- All English stamps depict a/an ……… of the current Queen or King, either as the centrepiece or in one corner.
A) likelihood B) likeness
C) copy D) echo
E) reflection
36- This has been true since the ………. of stamps in 1840.
A) connection B) construction
C) introduction D) elimination
E) exhibition
37- When archaeologists ………. the site where they believed the ancient city of Troy was located, they not only found evidence of the Trojan city, but also of even older cities.
A) buried B) raked
C) excavated D) cultivated
E) executed
38- At first the police thought the robber was acting alone, but later they discovered that he had a/an ……… .
A) accomplice B) apprentice
C) traitor D) hijacker
E) co-pilot
39- Some people believe that social acceptance of heavy drinking in British and American universities may ……….. alcoholism.
A) mock B) eliminate
C) subside D) promote
E) conflict
40- The soldiers were ……….. to their barracks in case they were urgently required.
A) resigned B) confined
C) dedicated D) controlled
E) packaged
41- At less than 4 percent, unemployment iri Switzerland is only ……….. compared to 20 to 30 percent in other countries.
A) creditable B) distinctive
C) considerable D) improbable
E) negligible
42- He is sure that he met me at the national conference, which I attended indeed, but I have no ……….. of ever meeting him.
A) consciousness B) mentality
C) approval D) vitality
E) recollection
43- The public service announcements being shown at the moment show what happens to a person’s brain when he or she takes drugs and are meant as a/an ……….. to anyone considering experimenting with drugs.
A) obligation B) deterrent
C) incentive D) density
E) offence
44- Some workers in the Czech Republic have ……….. well to working within a free enterprise economy, while others worked better under a more controlled regime.
A) produced B) vanished
C) adapted D) prevented
•E) detected
45- Betty thinks her four-inch high platform soled shoes are wonderful, but I think they are ……….. . How can she even stand in them?
A) ridiculous B) preserved
C) insulting D) significant
E) profound
46- Can I make a/an …..? Why don’t you hire a car for the week when your brother is coming to stay? It might be easier than going everywhere by coach or train.
A) suggestion B) instinct
C) conclusion D) transportation
E) commuter
47- His criticism was ……….. . Not only did he tell me which areas of the play needed improvement, but he also gave me tips on how to improve it.
A) negligible B) ambitious
C) mutual D) constructive
E) explicable
48- In my opinion, steak cooked in red wine, onions, mushrooms and tomatoes makes a very ………. meal. If I see ‘Steak Chasseur” on a menu, I always order it.
A) touchy B) skilled
C) variable D) tasty
E) nasty
49- A builder by trade, Harold ……… his own vegetables in his garden and often gives us bundles of green beans or leeks.
A) ploughs B) raises
C) grows D) buries
E) farms
50- We thought Simon would drop out of art school, especially because of his financial problems, but we ……….. his determination to succeed.
A) underlined B) understated
C) undertook D) underwent
E) underestimated
51- My uncle is ……… blind. He can see faint outlines of objects but cannot see well enough to read even with glasses.
A) partially B) entirely
C) collectively D) initially
E) systematically
52- Maria decided to care for her ……….. ill sister at home, where she would die in peace surrounded by her family.
A) hastily B) slightly
C) terminally D) relatively
E) anxiously
53- The ……… in Barry has been amazing since he has been reading that book on positive thinking. He has changed from a pessimistic, miserable man into a cheerful, lively character.
A) restoration B) transportation
C) conclusion D) transformation
E) reformation
54- The theory that Stonehenge, a circular group of massive stones erected over three millennia ago, was built as a temple has never been actually ………. .
A) activated B) enforced
C) measured D) assumed
E) proved
55- The police have searched the area ……….. but they haven’t found the weapon used in the murder.
A) stiffly B) thoroughly
C) weakly D) sternly
E) magnificently
56- I don’t think your parents should take it for ……….. that you will look after your younger sister and their house while they are on holiday.
A) undecided B) granted
C) assumed D) informed
E) treated
57- The Blue Mosque in Istanbul has been in ………. use since its completion in 1616.
A) simultaneous B) prestigious
C) continuous D) indelible
E) impenetrable
58- We have had the walls of our house insulated in an effort to …….. our heating costs.
A) hinder B) decline
C) terminate D) incline
E) reduce
59- In hot weather, our bodies release water, as ……….. to be evaporated so that our bodies cool down.
A) recurrence B) perspiration
C) conservation D) dampness
E)endurance
60- The George Washington Bridge in the USA ……….. New York with New Jersey over the Hudson River.
A) transports B) seals
C) detects D) connects
E) clashes
1- The management has launched a/an ……… to find out what caused the fire in the factory.
A) compensation B) temptation
C) investigation D) devotion
E) meditation
2- Although the official language of Quebec is French, seventy percent of the ………. who settled there from other countries cannot speak any French at all.
A) immigrants B) speculators
C) gamblers D) prisoners
E) predators
3- The dictator’s refusal to grant his citizens civil rights led to his inevitable
A) prediction B) downfall
C) disappearance D) ability
E) complexity
4- Each item of jewellery she produces is ………. — no two designs are alike.
A) single B) floral
C) instant D) unique
E) lonely
5- When the children were rescued from the lifeboat, they were ……….. and weak but still alive.
A) non-existent B) extravagant
C) undernourished D) dishonourable
E) insufficient
6- There was no clear winner in the election, so the political parties will have to work in ………. towards a coalition.
A) cooperation B) disconnection
C) examination D) irrelevance
E) mismanagement
7- Despite all the ………. he encountered, he managed to establish his new company.
A) obstacles B) merits
C) trenches D) blockages
E) advantages
8- A Dublin property developer plans to make a big ……… in the Millennium Dome, transforming it into a business park for technological companies.
A) sensitivity B) investment
C) measurement D) participation
E) forecast
9- The referee ……… the boxer for kicking his opponent, which is not allowed under the rules.
A) miscalculated B) unfolded
C) disqualified D) insisted
E) analysed
10- If you feel exhausted after a late night, just place a sprig of rosemary in boiling water, cool it and drink it. This will …….. you.
A) hover B) reincarnate
C) evaporate D) revive
E) bubble
11- A large section of the town was completely destroyed by the powerful earthquake and the ……….. of the debris and rubble cost the government a fortune.
A) removal B) dumping
C) proposal D) approval
E) unloading
12- As human resources manager for the company, she is responsible for the ……….. of all new employees.
A) agreement B) enlightenment
C) disarmament D) enrichment
E) recruitment
13- According to an ancient ……….. in Turkey, horsehair is supposed to bring luck, and for this reason, it is often hung in people’s homes.
A) trust B) virtue
C) value D) truth
E) belief
14- The area around the northern coasts of the Aegean Sea was first called Thrace by the ancient Greeks, who referred to a/an ……….. region stretching northwards indefinitely.
A) improbable B) persistent
C) indistinct D) credible
E) precise
15- After his father had won £100 from a bet, Freddie thought it was a/an ……… moment to ask him for the £5 he needed to buy a toy gun.
A) likely B) opportune
C) unfortunate D) miraculous
E) solitary
16- So that Margaret’s progress at school wouldn’t be ………. by her recurring illness, her mother hired her a private tutor.
A) exploited B) monitored
C) delivered D) hindered
E) implied
17- It is best to warn the customers beforehand that if they fail to turn up for their appointment, they will be ……… a cancellation fee.
A) nominated B) offended
C) opposed D) charged
E) measured
18- Willa Gather was a fourth generation American, but she was ………. to write her novels by the way European immigrants and their children adapted to rugged life in western America.
A) inspired B) competed
C) announced D) united
E) demonstrated
19- The Romans are noted for having built straight roads. They calculated the shortest ………. between two settlements and followed that route.
A) landscape B) arrival
C) instruction D) distance
E) departure
20- Martin has only just qualified as a chef at college, but he has ten years’ of cooking in kitchens all around the world.
A) meditation B) devotion
C) experience D) reliability
E) ability
21- The lock on our front door broke yesterday and it was too late to call a locksmith, so we had to sleep with only a table pushed against the door. I didn’t sleep well as I felt very ……… .
A) offensive B) insecure
C) obscure D) assured
E) dependable
22- There are many superstitions based on the power of a full moon and recent scientific study has indicated that the force of the moon may have a psychological ……… on humans.
A) conclusion B) effect
C) ending D) proportion
E) deficit
23- We bought four ……….. garden chairs, which can be neatly stored away and will be ideal for picnics.
A) bulky B) useless
C) collapsible D) destructive
E) irrelevant
24- The economies of several South American nations are almost ………. dependent on the price of commodities on the world market.
A) naturally B) impressively
C) immensely D) entirely
E) mercifully
25- Unfortunately, my birthday this year ……… with my company’s annual conference, so I won’t be able to take the day off.
A) collides B) insults
C) infects D) adjoins
E) coincides
26- It is hoped that the lengthy negotiations between the opposite sides in the Northern Ireland conflict will…….. bring about a lasting peace in the province.
A) eventually B) shamefully
C) excusably D) courteously
E) excitedly
27- There is a current crisis within the National Health Service and additional nurses and doctors are needed ……… .
A) purely B) urgently
C) practically D) allegedly
E) logically
28- The new procedure introduced by the management has some ……… . For example, it is time-consuming, has created more paperwork and is also quite confusing.
A) likeness B) merits
C) drawbacks D) harm
E) disciplines
29- As soon as the sheriff heard about the bank robbery, he …….. his horse and set off in pursuit of the villains.
A) discovered B) escaped
C) established D) boarded
E) mounted
30- The Siamese twins were separated shortly after birth. This operation gave the stronger twin a chance of …………. .
A) protection B) flexibility
C) hindrance D) survival
E) preservation
31- You should ……… all the soap off the car after you have washed it as it can harm the paint work.
A) scrub B) moisten
C) paste D) rinse
E) drive
32- Anhui is one of the smallest of China’s twenty-one provinces, but its population ………. that of Spain.
A) undermines B) estimates
C) overtakes D) forecasts
E) outnumbers
33- In 1992, Hurricane Andrew caused considerable ……….. in southern Florida, USA, leaving a quarter of a million people homeless.
A) devastation B) irritation
C) revolution D) sensation
E) condemnation
34- Megan was so ……….. of her daughter for being the first person in her family’s history to graduate from university.
A) proud B) scared
C) indifferent D) hasty
E) aware
35- Russia launched a/an ……… of Afghanistan in 1979 and engaged itself in a war there for almost ten years.
A) destruction B) invasion
C) disarmament D) strategy
E) abundance
36- They had over 180 minutes of film which they could use for the twenty-minute documentary. It was Charles’s job to ………. the film down to the required length.
A) narrate B) practise
C) copy D) instruct
E) edit
37- He gave up his job as a night watchman as he couldn’t bear the ………. which resulted from standing guard all through the night.
A) impression B) endurance
C) boredom D) enthusiasm
E) reflection
38- A simple tool kit is a/an ……….. thing to keep at home as it allows one to carry out small repairs.
A) tasteless B) complicated
C) spiteful D) useful
E) pointless
39- Be careful that you don’t………. over. One of your shoelaces is undone.
A) bounce B) trip
C) leap D) slide
E) spin
40- Malcolm has lived most of his life in Worcester. In 1975 he lived in Hereford ……… while working there, but within a few months, he had moved back to his home town.
A) reasonably B) lately
C) thankfully D) cautiously
E) briefly
41- Many of the roads in England have cameras in order to catch motorists who ………. the speed limit.
A) maintain B) conceal
C) overflow D) restrict
E) exceed
42- I received a letter this morning which ……… that my application for a Canadian work permit has been accepted.
A) confirms B) validates
C) assumes D) carries
E) departs
43- I was hoping to get a/an ………. at work after my appraisal, but I haven’t heard anything yet.
A) elevation B) presentation
C) promotion D) resignation
E) assignment
44- After the Second World War, as part of the town’s modernisation, the old town walls were ………. .
A) evacuated B) demolished
C) ascended D) burgled
E) polished
45- The 17th-century manor is believed by some local residents to be ……… by the ghost of the old mistress of the house, who was killed by a burglar in 1682.
A) occupied B) distilled
C) haunted D) navigated
E) tidied
46- Martin was ……….. about being offered the position of manager of the entire factory. The news meant that he would be able to buy his own house, pay for his son to attend a good school and save for the future.
A) anxious B) measurable
C) comparable D) overjoyed
E) hesitant
47- In the lottery at work, Frank won a luxury trip to New York for himself and his wife. They are looking forward to flying across the Atlantic in ……… seats.
A) second-hand B) overripe
C) brand-new D) first-class
E) over-aged
48- They are also looking forward to ………. by the swimming pool or in the sauna.
A) debating B) impressing
C) dispatching D) detaining
E) relaxing
49- Hiking for pleasure is one of the least ………. ways to become physically fit because you don’t have to buy anything special to do it.
A) critical B) moderate
C) costly D) hardy
E) thrifty
50- My father has to attend the annual American Petroleum Institute’s Conference every year. It is not his choice, but simply a/an ………. of his job.
A) requirement B) hazard
C) notice D) impulse
E) account
51- The two partners came to an agreement ……… about how to divide the assets of their business. They were both happy with the arrangements.
A) anxiously B) amicably
C) artistically D) punctually
E) productively
52- In 1620, approximately 100 pilgrims ………. 66 days exposed to icy winds on a very crowded boat without any sanitation to reach America.
A) obstructed B) obsessed
C) endured D) replied
E) submerged
53- ………. of mineral resources is important as they are non-renewable, which means they will run out some day.
A) Application B) Suggestion
C) Flexibility D) Conservation
E) Environment
54- Pot Pourri is the name given to a mixture of perfumed petals and leaves which is used to add ……….. to a room.
A) prominence B) fancy
C) scenery D) tone
E) fragrance
55- The director said that we needed to review the number of engineers employed by the company. I think his statement was ……… . Is he implying that we have too many engineers or too few?
A) ambiguous B) immoral
C) valueless D) charitable
E) offensive
56- Chris and Nigel Smith have a/an ………. bank account. Both of them can take money out of their account and write cheques.
A) connected B) joint
C) sealed D) sectioned
E) engaged
57- I told my employer well………. that I had found another job.
A) in sequence B) in advance
C) in debt D) in a hurry
E) in danger
58- I went to the garden centre to choose some roses, but there was such a/an ……….. on display that I thought I had better find out which ones would be most suited to my garden.
A) jumble B) majority
C) alteration D) variety
E) mixture
59- While brick-making in England was once done ……… the process in now fully automated and machines produce millions of bricks per week.
A) manually B) adequately
C) rationally D) gradually
E) agreeably
60- New York City is a place of stark contrast. There are areas of great poverty and an estimated one million residents live only with the help of government welfare payments. On the other hand, some of America’s most ……… families live in downtown Manhattan.
A) conservative B) liberal
C) affluent D) secular
E) gifted
Ex. 1 (pg.4)
1.transpacific 2.multi-talented 3.presuppose 4.monolingual 5.interactive 6.contradict 7.anti-perspirant 8.coincidence 9.cooperation 10.forecast 11.postscript 12.anti-climax 13.monotonous 14. semi-automatic 15.forebear 16.uproot 17.semi-conscious 18.upstream 19.prearrange 20.interstate 21.superstar 22.contravene 23.mid-summer 24.transplant 25.self-centred 26.mid-field 27.self-appointed 28.super-tanker 29.multi-millionaire 30.post-graduate
Ex. 2 (pg.7)
1.censorship 2.premiership 3.livelihood 4.stardom 5.chairmanship 6.serfdom 7.companionship 8.likelihood 9.hardship 10.statesmanship 11.boredom 12.craftsmanship 13.relationship 14.officialdom 15.courtship 16.wisdom 17.leadership 18.brotherhood 19.freedom 20.ownership
Ex. 3 (pg.7)
1.adviser (advisor) 2.librarian 3.psychologist 4.activist 5.puppeteer 6.designer 7.auctioneer 8.solicitor 9.machinist 10.therapist 11.diver 12.officer 13.statistician 14.miner 15.mountaineer 16.politician 17.musician 18.vocalist 19.optician 20.agitator
Ex. 4 (pg.8)
1.breadth 2.growth 3.gift 4.1ength 5.depth 6.heat 7.drought 8.warmth 9.width 10.health
11.frost 12.youth 13.birth 14.theft 15.content 16.sight 17.height 18.thought 19.deceit 20.truth
Ex. 5 (pg.8)
1.diversion 2.embarrassment 3.insurance 4.excitement 5.suppression 6.resistance 7.interruption 8.indication 9.inference 10.investment 11.existence 12.imagination 13.harassment 14.resemblance 15.grievance 16.abandonment 17.rebellion 18.judgement 19.declaration 20.involvement 21.stimulation 22.emission 23.accommodatiori 24.maintenance 25.objection 26.obsession 27.argument 28.achievement 29.payment 30.cancellation 31.repetition 32.omission 33.interference 34.accumulation 35.reflection 36.annoyance 37.celebration 38.irritation 39.disappointment 40.conclusion
Ex. 6 (pg.9)
1.sponsorship 2.attachment 3.occupation/occupant/occupier/occupancy 4.robbery/robber 5.pleasure 6.drainage 7.procedure 8.compatibility 9.seizure 10.exhibition 11.nationalism/nationalist/nationaliry 12.competitor/competition 13.terrorist/terrorism 14.sufferer/suffering 15.dependant/dependency 16.thickness 17.criticism 18.equipment 19.boundary 20.idleness 21.fulfilment 22.fundamentalist/fundamentalism 23.carriage 24.pursuit 25.industrialism/industrialist/industrialisation 26.wilderness 27.cordiality 28.acceleration/accelerator 29.removal 30.hopelessness 31.description 32.efficiency 33.constraint 34.adequacy 35.realiry/realist/realism 36.rehearsal 37.baker/bakery 38.approval 39.tendency 40.density 41.prejudice 42.supposition 43.consumer/consumption 44.visibility 45.leakage 46.likeness 47.postponement 48.performer/performance 49.friendship 50.recurrence
Ex. 7 (pg.10)
1.E 2.B 3.A 4.A 5.D 6.C 7.D 8.E 9.C 10.A 11.B 12.C 13.D 14.E 15.C 16.D 17.B 18.C 19.A 20.E 21.E 22.D 23.B 24.C 25.C 26.A 27.C 28.B 29.E 30.A
Ex. 8 (pg.15)
1.noticeable 2.reversible 3.transferable 4.forgettable 5.breakable 6.audible
7.collapsible 8.resistible 9.replaceable 10.conceivable 11.controllable 12.washable
13.arguable 14.accessible 15.portable
Ex. 9 (pg.16)
1.shady 2.moody 3.filthy 4.bossy 5.chilly 6.stringy 7.lumpy 8-tasty 9.scary 10.juicy 11.rusty 12.faulty 13. witty 14.curly 15.creamy
Ex. 10 (pg.17)
1.appreciative 2.permissible/perrnissive 3.resistible/resistant 4.favourable/favourite 5.glamorous 6.manageable 7.competitive 8.incidental 9.1engthy 10.comprehensible
11.profitable 12.grievous 13.possessive 14.regrettable 15.chaotic 16.offensive 17.obsessive 18.successive/successful 19.hysterical 20.initial 21.satisfactory/satisfying 22.recurrent 23.cautionary/cautious 24.observant/observable 25.bureaucratic 26.urgent 27.sensible/sensitive/senseless 28.harmonious 29.bearable 30.slippery
Ex. 11 (pg.17)
1.hasty 2.greedy 3.muddy 4.wealthy 5.shiny 6.risky 7.sandy 8.cowardly 9.bouncy 10.lovely 11.greasy 12.crunchy 13.salty 14.weekly 15.brotberly 16.1ively 17.angry 18.costly 19.foggy 20.airy
Ex. 12 (pg. 18)
1.insolvent 2.illiterate 3.impartial 4.incompetent 5.imperfect 6.inadequate 7.irrelevant 8.indistinct 9.irreversible 10.irresistible 11.indestructible 12.insensitive 13.illegible 14.immeasurable 15.immodest 16.imprecise 17.inconvenient 18.impure 19.illegitimate 20.impenetrable
Ex. 13 (pg.19)
1.worthy/unworthy 2.conclusive/inconclusive 3.desirable/undesirable 4.wise/unwise
5.coherent/incoherent 6.disputable/indisputable 7.avoidable/unavoidable
8.productive/unproductive 9.operable/inoperable 10.considerate/inconsiderate
Ex. 14 (pg.19)
1.unproductive 2.indisputable 3.unwise 4.unworthy 5.unavoidable 6.undesirable 7.inconclusive 8.inoperable 9.incoherent 10.inconsiderate
Ex. 15 (pg.20)
1.respectful 2.thankful/thankless 3.ceaseless 4.powerful/powerless 5.jobless 6.pitiful/pitiless 7.limitless 8.helpful/helpless 9.joyful 10.stainless 11.peaceful 12.plentiful 13.scornful 14.colourful/colourless 15.hopeful/hopeless 16.aimless 17.thoughtful/thoughtless 18.tast.eful/tasteless 19.1awful/lawless 20.painful/painless
Ex. 16 (pg.21)
1 .offensive/inoffensive 2.dispensable/indispensable 3.honourable/dishonourable 4.violent/non-violent 5.courteous/discourteous 6.official/unofficial 7.decisive/indecisive 8.advantageous/disadvantageous 9.accustomed/unaccustomed 10.obedient/disobedient 11. willing/unwilling 12.eventful/uneventful
15.useful/useless 14.alcoholic/non-alcoholic 15.existent/non-existent 16.adequate/inadequate
Ex. 17 (pg.21)
1.non-alcoholic 2.inadequate 3.uneventful 4.unwilling 5.non-existent 6.inoffensive 7.discourteous 8.non-violent 9.indispensable 10.dishonourable 11.disobedient 12.disadvantageous 13.indecisive 14.unaccustomed 15.useless 16.unofficial
Ex. 18 (pg.22)
1.discharge 2.unbalance 3.undo 4.disclose 5.disembark 6.unveil 7.dislocate 8.dismount 9.unwind 10.displace 11.disqualify 12.unplug 13.disinfect 14.disapprove 15.disappoint 16.unfasten
Ex. 19 (pg.22)
1.unfasten 2.undo 3.unplugs 4.disapprove 5.disinfected 6.discharge 7.disappointed 8.unbalanced 9.disqualified 10.unwinds 11.unveiled 12.displaced 13.disembarked 14.dislocated 15.dismounted 16.disclosed
Ex. 20 (pg.23)
1.misspend 2.misprint 3.disillusion 4.misbehave 5.disintegrate 6.mistreat 7.misfortune 8.dissatisfied 9.misinform 10.dissolve 11.dissimilar 12.misjudge 13.discolour 14.mislead 15.disloyal 16.misspell
Ex. 21 (pg.23)
1.misled 2.misinformed 3-misspent 4.disintegrated 5.discoloured 6.misspells
7.misjudged 8.dissatisfied 9.disloyal 10.mistreating 11.disillusioned 12.dissimilar
13.dissolve 14.misbehave 15.misfortune 16.misprinted
Ex. 22 (pg.25)
1.analyse 2.socialise 3.standardise 4.signify 5.colonise 6.encase 7.1oosen 8.soften 9.familiarise 1O.sweeten 11.enjoy 12.fabricate 13.vaporise 14.straighten 15.sharpen 16.encircle 17.tranquillise 18.hospitalise 19.worsen 20.economise 21.lessen 22.invalidate 23.falsify 24.terrorise 25.horrify 26.decorate 27.entail 28.ripen 29.identify 30.formulate
Ex. 23 (pg.25)
1.worsen 2.decorating 3.economise 4.formulated 5.identify 6.analysed 7.colonised 8.sweetened 9.enclosed 10.straightened 11.ripen 12.standardise 13.fabricated 14.vaporised 15.invalidate 16.encased 17.enjoyed 18.entails 19.falsified 20.horrified 21.loosened 22.lessens 23.sharpened 24.terrorising 25.socialise 26.signifies 27.hospitalised 28.familiarise 29.tranquillised 30.softens
Ex. 24 (pg.27)
1.offensive/offensively 2.sensitive/sensitively, sensible/sensibly 3.sufficient/sufficiently 4.tactful/tactfully 5.extensive/extensively 6.considerable/considerably, considerate/considerately 7.sarcastic/sarcastically 8.basic/basically 9.enviable/enviably, envious/enviously 10-elegant/elegantly 11.excessive/excessively 12.anxious/anxiously
15.specific/specifically 14. relative/relatively 15.persuasive/persuasively
16. coincidental/coincidentally 17.historical/historically 18.defensive/defensively 19.hazardous/hazardously 20.expensive/expensively
Ex. 25 (pg.28)
1.historical 2.hazardous 3.sufficiently 4.sensitive 5.Coincidentally 6.extensively 7.tactful 8.defensively 9.persuasively 10.specifically 11.anxiously 12.considerable 13.basic 14.enviable 15.excessively 16.offensive 17.expensive 18.relatively 19.elegant 20.sarcastically
Word Formation 1
1.senseless 2.unpleasant 3.rigidity 4.disturbance 5.fluency 6.mournfully 7.wreckage 8.unfortunately 9.factual 10.combination 11.bearable 12.humidity 13.brilliance 14.bloodiest 15.Prevention 16.disability 17.discontented 18.non-refundable 19.failure 20.brutality
Word Formation 2
1.unacceptable 2.minority 3.majority 4.birth 5.necessity 6.indecisive 7.involuntarily 8.persistence 9.worsen 10.shortage 11.exclusively 12.miraculously 13-dangerous 14.argument 15.confinement 16.heat 17.choices 18.uncooperative 19.restoration 20.comparison
Word Formation 3
1.a) realist b) realisation c) reality 2.a) imaginary b) imagination c) Unimaginable 3.a) hesitation b) hesitantly c) hesitant 4.a) disabled b) ably c) abilities 5.a) unproductive b)
product c) production 6.a) instability b) stabilises c) unstable 7.a) activated b) actively c) activities 8.a) indifference b) differently c) different 9.a) destruction b) indestructible c) destructive 10.a) professionalism b) professional c) unprofessional 11.a) argument • b) argumentative c) arguably 12.a) impatience b) impatiently c) patience 13.a) responsibly b) responsibility c) irresponsible 14.a) predictable b) unpredictable c) predictions 15.a) information b) informative c) misinformed 16.a) decorative b) decorators c) decorations 17.a) encourage b) courageously c) encouragement 18.a) enthusiast b) unenthusiastically c) enthusiasm 19.a) inseparable b) separation c) separately 20.a) excusable b) excused c) inexcusably
TEST YOURSELF 1
1.B 2.A 3.A 4.E 5.D 6.B 7.A 8.C 9.D 10.D 11.A 12.C 13.B 14.D 15.C
16.E 17.D18.E 19.B 20.A 21.C 22.B 23.D 24.B 25.A 26.D 27.C 28.A 29.C 30.C
31.D 32.A 33.E 34.D 35.B 36.C 37.E 38.B 39.A 40.D 41.E 42.D 43.B 44.A 45.A
46.B 47.C48.A 49.B 50.E 51.B 52.C 53.C 54.D 55.B 56.A 57.B 58.E 59.C 60.A
TEST YOURSELF 2
1.A 2.B 3.E 4.C 5.D 6.E 7.E 8.B 9.A 10.D 11.C 12.D 13.D 14.E 15.B
16.A17.A 18.C 19.D 20.A 21.D 22.C 23.B 24.B 25.A 26.D 27.E 28.E 29.A 30.C
31.B 32.A 33.C 34.A 35.B 36.C 37.C 38.A 39.D 40.B 41.E 42.E 43.B 44.C 45.A
46.A 47.D 48.D 49.C 50.E 51.A 52.C 53.D 54.E 55.B 56.B 57.C 58.E 59.B 60.D
TEST YOURSELF 3
1.C 2.A 3.B 4.D 5.C 6.A 7.A 8.B 9.C 10.D 11.A 12.E 13.E 14.C 15.B
16.D17.D 18.A 19.D 20.C 21.B 22.B 23.C 24.D 25.E 26.A 27.B 28.C 29.E 30.D
31.D 32.E 33.A 34.A 35.B 36.E 37.C 38.D 39.B 40.E 41.E 42.A 43.C 44.B 45.C
46.D 47.D 48.E 49.C 50.A 51.B 52.C 53.D 54.E 55.A 56.B 57.B 58.D 59.A 60.
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