# Relative Clauses Grammer - Bağlantı: https://eegitimim.com/relative-clauses-grammer/ - Yayımlanma: 2026-06-06T04:45:56+03:00 - Yazar: admin ## **INTRODUCTION** Relative clause, bir ismi tanımlayan cümledir. Ancak tek basma kullanılamaz. Bir temel cümleye bağlı olarak tanımladığı isimden sonra gelir. Bir ismi tanımladığı için relative clause _“adjective clause” _biçiminde de isimlendirilebilir. Sıfat tanımladığı isimden önce gelir. Relative clause ise tanımladığı isimden sonra gelir. The student _who is the beştin the classroom_ is Ayşe. _(relative clause)_ _The best _student in the classroom is Ayşe._ (adjective)_ The money _which was stolen from the bank_ hasn’t been found yet. _(relative clause)_ _The stolen _money hasn’t been found yet._ (adjective)_ Relative clause, tanımlayan _(defining)_ ve tanımlamayan _(non-defining}_ biçiminde ikiye ayrılır. Defining relative clause, bir ismi tanımlayarak diğerlerinden ayırt etmemizi sağlar._“ The man”_ dediğimiz zaman karşımızdaki kişi hangi adamdan söz ettiğimizi anlayamaz. Ancak, _“the man_ _who is standing at the corner” (köşede duran adam) _ifadesinde_“ the man” _artık belli bir kişidurumuna geçmiştir. Non-deflnlng relative clause, zaten tanımlanmış bir isimden sonra gelir. _“My father”_ dediğimiz zaman, karşımızdaki kişi kimden söz edeceğimizi zaten anlamış durumdadır. Eğer biz bu ismi bir daha tanımlıyorsak bu non-defining relative clause’dur. Yani o isim hakkında fazladan bilgi veren bir cümleciktir: _“my father, who lives in Germany,..” (Almanya’da oturan babam,…)_ The man _who will come to see you tomorrow wants_ to do business with you. _(Defining)_ (Yarın seni _görmeye gelecek olan adam seninle iş yapmak istiyor.)_ Mr. Jones, _who will come to see you tomorrow,_ wants to do business with you. _(Non-defining)_ _(Yarın seni görmeye gelecek olan Mr. Jones seninle iş yapmak istiyor.)_ DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES RELATIVE PRONOUNS AS SUBJECT OF THE CLAUSE Tanımlayacağımız isim, tanımlayan cümlede özne durumundaysa, onun yerine kullanabileceğimiz sözcükler who, that ve whlch’dir. Who, sadece insanlar için, which bütün cansız varlıklar ve hayvanlar için, that ise hepsi için kullanılabilir. I congratulated the student. She got the highest mark. I congratulated the student _who_                                     got the highest mark. _that _got the highest mark. Can you repair the chair? _It_ is in the study room. Can you repair the chair                                              _which _is in the study room? _that _is in the study room? _“Crowd, audience, class” _gibi grup isimleri, insanlardan oluşmalarına rağmen, eğer kurumukastediyorsak, tekil bir fiille that ya da which kullanmayı gerektirir. Ancak bu kurumu oluşturan bireyleri kastediyorsak, çoğul bir fiille who kullanılır ki bu kullanım _defining relative_ _clause _için pek yaygın değildir. _A staff is _inevitably inefficient._ It _is not well-trained. A staff _which/that_ is not well-trained is inevitably inefficient. _The staff are _calling for a strike._ They _are dissatisfied with their conditions. The staff, who are dissatisfied with their conditions, are calling for a strike. Relative clause tanımladığı isimden sonra gelir. Bu nedenle, tanımlayacağımız isim temel cümlenin öznesi ise, relative clause özne ile yüklemin arasında yer alır. The student is happy. She got the highest mark on the test. The student _who got the highest mark on the test_ is happy. _that got the highest mark on the test_ The chair is broken. _It_ is in the study room. The chair _which Is in the study room_ is broken. _that is in the study room_ Bazen tanımladığımız isme ait başka sözcükler olabilir. Bu durumda relative clause, bu sözcüklerden sonra gelir. There is someone at the door. He wants to see you. There is someone at the door _who_ wants to see you. _(Kapıda sizinle görüşmek isteyen biri var.)_ Who, that ve which’den sonra gelen fiilin tekil ya da çoğul olması tanımladığı isme bağlıdır. Eğer isim tekil ya da sayılamaz ise tekil bir fiil; çoğul bir isim ise çoğul bir fiil kullanılır. _The person who lives _next door is an engineer. _The people who live _next door_ are _very friendly. _The plate which is _on the counter is dirty._ The_ _plates which are _on the counter_ are _dirty._ The_ _milk which is _in the bottle is for the baby. Relative clause ile temel cümlenin tense’i farklı zamanlara ait olabilir. The man who _was run over_ by a truck yesterday _is_ in the intensive care unit now. I don’t think the chair which was _broken_ yesterday can _be repaired._ Ancak, bazı durumlarda, tense uyuşması gerekebilir. Örneğin “7 _congratulated the student…. “_ ifadesini _“who gets the highest mark’_ biçiminde tamamlayanlayız. Çünkü _“kutladım”_ diyebilmemiz için tanımladığımız ismin bir şey yapmış olması gerekir. Yani o da past ttaıe’a aittir. I _congratulated_ the student who _got_ the highest mark. I _helped_ the woman who _had_ difficulty carrying the heavy shopping bags. They _will give_ a prize to the person who wins the competition. They _gave a prize_ to the person who won the competition. **8-3**                  **RELATIVE PRONOUNS AS THE OBJECT OF A VERB** Tanımlayacağımız isim, tanımlayan cümlede nesne durumunda ise insanlar için who, whom, that; cansız varlıklar, hayvanlar ve grup isimleri için which, that kullandır. _The applicant _is suitable for the job. We interviewed her yesterday. The applicant _who we interviewed yesterday is_ suitable for the job. _whom we interviewed yesterday _is suitable for the job. _that we Interviewed yesterday _is suitable for the job. _The book _is very interesting.                                           I bought _it_ last week. The book _which_ I bought last week is very interesting. _that  _I bought last week is very interesting. Tanımlayacağımız isim, tanımlayan cümlede nesne durumunda ise, bir relative pronoun( who, whom, that, which) kullanmadan da aynı anlamı verebiliriz. The applicant _we interviewed yesterday_ is suitable for the job. The book _I bought last week_ is very interesting. _The man _was a sales representative. We met_ him _yesterday. The man _who we met yesterday_ was a sales representative. _whom we met yesterday _was a sales representative._ that we met yesterday _was a sales representative. 0_ we met yesterday _was a sales representative. _The flat _should have at least three rooms. I’ll rent_ it._ The flat _that 111 rent_ should have at least three rooms. _which Fil rent _should have at least three rooms. _0 111 rent _should have at least three rooms. **RELATIVE PRONOUNS AS THE OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION** Tanımlayacağımız isim, tanımlayan cümlede bir preposition’ın nesnesi durumunda ise, bu preposition relative clause’da da kullanılır. **_The man _**wasn’t satisfied with the deal.  I bought this car**_ from him._** The man **_who I bought this car from_** wasn’t satisfied with the deal. **_whom I bought this car from _**wasn’t satisfied with the deal.**_ that I bought this car from _**wasn’t satisfied with the deal. 0_I** bought this car from **_wasn’t satisfied with the deal. **_The case is _**very important. I have told you**_ about it._** The case **_which I told you about_** is very important. **_that I told you about_** is very important. 0 * **_told you about _**is very important. Tanımladığımız isme ait preposition’ı, relative sözcüğünden önce kullanırsak, insanlar için sadece **“whom”,** nesneler için ise sadece **“which”** kullanılır. The man **_from whom I bought this car_** wasn’t satisfied with the deal. The case **_about which I told you_** is very important. **_The girl _**is very messy. I’m sharing the flat**_ with her._** The girl **_who I’m sharing the Uat with_** is very messy. **_whom I’m sharing the Uat with _**is very messy. **_that                                           I’m sharing the Uat with _**is very messy. 1. **_I’m sharing the Uat with _**is very messy.The girl **_with whom I’m sharing the Uat_** is very messy. **_The chair _**doesn’t look safe. You are sitting**_ on It._** The chair **_which you are sitting on_** doesn’t look safe. **_that you are sitting on _**doesn’t look safe.**0_ you are sitting on _**doesn’t look safe. The chair **_on which you are sitting_** doesn’t look safe. 8-5                   USING ‘WHOSE” AND ‘OF WHICH” Tanımladığımız isim, tanımlayan cümlede iyelik bildiriyorsa, hem insanlar hem de nesneler için “whose” kullanılır. Do you know the _man? His_ car was stolen. Do you know the man _whose_ car was stolen? _The man _is our next-door neighbour. I want to buy his car. The man whose car I want to buy is our next-door neighbour. Can you repair _the_ chair? _Its_ legs are broken. | Can you repair the chair whose legs are broken? | |   | | _The book was _my friend’s. I accidentally tore_ its _cover. The | | book whose cover I accidentally tore was my friend’s. | Nesneler için “whose” yerine “of which” de kullanabiliriz. Ancak “of which” in _defining relative_ c7ause’larda kullanımı çok enderdir. Daha çok _non-defining relative_ cjause’larda kullanılır. This is the _machine._ I described its _properties._                            . This is the machine _whose properties_ I described. This is the machine _the properties of which_ I described. Eğer tanımladığımız iyelik bildiren ismin kendine ait bir preposition’ı varsa, bu preposition’ı relative clause’un sonunda veya “whose” un önünde kullanabiliriz. This is the _man._ Jake is going out _with his daughter._ This is the man whose _daughter_ Jake is going out _with,_ _with whose daughter _Jake is going out. Do you remember the man? I told you _about his love affairs._ Do you remember the man whose love _affairs_ I told you _about?_ _about whose love affairs _I told you? “Of which” li yapıda preposition, “of un önündeki isimden önce yer alır. The _mountain_ is a part of the Bozdağ mountain range. You can see snow _on Its top._ The mountain _on the top of which/on whose top_ you can see snow is a part of .•’••.:                          –       the Bozdağ mountain range. **8-6         USING’WHERE”** Tanımladığımız isim, tanımlayan cümlede yer bildiriyorsa _(dolaylı tümleç ise)_ relative sözcüğü olarak **“where”** kullanabiliriz. l liked the _seaside resort._ We spent our holiday **there** (in _that resort)_ last summer. I liked the seaside resort **where** we spent our holiday last summer. Don’t clean **the** **_room._** My son is studying **in that room.** Don’t clean the room **where** my son is studying. Yer bildiren bir ismi tanımlarken **which** ve **that** kullanabiliriz ya da hiçbir relative sözcüğü kullanmadan, relative clause getirebiliriz. Ancak, **which** ve** that** kullandığımızda ya da boş bıraktığımızda, o isme ait preposition’ı mutlaka kullanmak zorundayız. I liked the seaside resort **which** we spent our holiday in last summer. **that** we spent our holiday** _In_ **last summer. 0we spent our holiday _In_ last summer.** _in_** **_which _**we spent our holiday last summer. Don’t clean the room **which** my son is studying **in.** **that **my son is studying in. * my son is studying in. **in** **_which _**my son is studying. This is **the restaurant.** I usually eat lunch **there** (at _this restaurant.)_ This is the restaurant **which** 1 usually eat lunch **_at._** **_that _**I usually eat lunch_at. 0_ I usually eat lunch **at. at** **_which _**I usually eat lunch. This is the restaurant **where** I usually eat lunch. Bir yer ismi, tanımlayan cümlede özne ya da nesne durumundaysa, onu tanımlarken **“ where”** kullanamayız. **“Where”** kullanabilmemiz için o ismin, “at the _cinema, on the table, in the_ _country, etc.” _gibi yer belirtmesi gerekir. |   | I like **the house.** **_It_** has a large garden. (It – subject) | |   | I like the house **which** has a large garden. | |   | **that **has a large garden. | |   | I liked **the house.** We saw **it** yesterday, (it – _object)_ | | , | I liked the house **_which_** we saw yesterday. | | **that **we saw yesterday. | | . | 0   we saw yesterday. | |   | I like **the house.** I was born **there,** _(in that house – adverb of place)_ | |   | I like the house **where** I was born. | |   | **which **I was born** in.** | |   | **that **1 was born in. | |   | 0  I was  born  **in.** | |   | **in which **I was born. | **USING “WHEN”** Tanımladığımız isim, tanımlayan cümlede _“on that day, in that year, at that hour, etc.”_ biçiminde bir zaman belirtiyorsa, when, which, that kullanabilir ya da bir relative sözcüğü kullanmadan relative clause getirebiliriz. Bunlardan sadece which, preposition kullanmayı gerektirir. Preposition whlch’in önünde kullanılır: _on which, at which, etc._ 1923 is _the year._ The Republic of Turkey was founded _then, (in that year]_ 1923 is the year _when_ the Republic of Turkey was founded. _that_ the Republic of Turkey was founded. 0 the Republic of Turkey was founded. _In which_ the Republic of Turkey was founded. _(1923, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin kurulduğu yıldır.)_ Saturday is _the day._ We usually go shopping _then, (on that day)_ Saturday is the day _when_ we usually go shopping. _that_ we usually go shopping. 0 we usually go shopping. _on which_ we usually go shopping. **8-8**            **USING “WHY”** “Reason” sözcüğünden sonra neden ifade eden bir cümle getiriyorsak, why, that ya da for which kullanabiliriz. Ya da hiçbirini kullanmadan direk relative clause getirebiliriz. | • | The reason why we are holding this meeting is to seek solutions to our problems. | | _that _we are holding this meeting | |   | 0   we are holding this meeting _for_ | |   | _which _we are holding this meeting | _Reason, explanation _gibi sözcükleri, “…_ ileri sürdüğü neden, … yaptığı açıklama” _gibi ifadeleriçin kullanıyorsak, “why” kullanamayız. Bu anlamda onlan diğer cansız varlıklar gibi düşünüp which, that kullanabilir ya da her ikisini de kaldırabiliriz. The reason _that_ he gave us for the delay frustrated us all. _which _he gave us for the delay 0 he gave usfor the delay The explanations _that_ the teacher made on the subject confused us. _which _the teacher made on the subject 0 theteacher made on the subject **8-9          USING RELATIVE CLAUSES TO MODIFY PRONOUNS** Bir relative clause _everybody, someone, anybody, etc._ gibi belgisiz zamirleri tanımlayabilir. Eğer tanımladığımız zamir, tanımlayan cümlede özne durumundaysa ** who** ya da **that** kullanılır. Nesne durumundaysa, **who, whom** ya da **that** kullanabiliriz, ama genellikle relative sözcüğü kullanılmaz. Everybody _who_ came to the party was elegantly dressed. **_that _**came to the party Everybody **_whom_** I met said that he was dishonest. **_who_**                                                            I met **_that_**** _I _****met 0**        **I met** There is someone **_whom_** I want you to meet. _who _I want you to meet. **_that _**_1_want you to meet. _0 _I want you to meet. _Anything, something, nothing _gibi sözcükleri tanımlarken**which**çok ender kullanılır. Onunyerine **that** tercih edilir. Eğer tanımlanan sözcük nesne durumundaysa relative sözcüğü kullanmamak daha yaygındır. Everything **_that_** was said at the debate was true. Everything **_that_** he said at the debate was true. 0 he said at the debate was true. Anything **_that_** has been found can be helpful to prove his innocence. Anything **_that_** you have found can be helpful to prove his innocence. 0 you have found can be helpful to prove his innocence. **Those **sözcüğünü tanımlarken insanlar için daha çok who, nesneler için ise** which **kullanılır,ancak her ikisi için that de kullanabiliriz. Only the people **_who/that_** are members can enter the club. Only **_those who/that_** are members can enter the club. Bu iki cümlenin Türkçe’ye çevirisine dikkat ediniz. Birinci cümleyi _“Kulübe, sadece üye olan_ _kişiler girebilir.” _; ikinci cümleyi ise_ “Kulübe, sadece üye olanlar girebilir.” _biçimindeçevirebiliriz. The students **_who/that_** want to come on the picnic should inform me well in advance. **_Those who/that _**want to come on the picnic should inform me well in advance. _(Pikniğe gelmek isteyen öğrenciler …….. _,_ Pikniğe gelmek isteyenler. …. _) * Shall I bring all **the** **_books?_** * No, I need only **_those which/that_** are on the top shelf. **8-10               NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES** Zaten tanımlanmış, bilinen bir ismi niteleyen cümleye non-defining relative clause denir. Bu isimleri şu şekilde gruplandırabiliriz. * **Proper nouns _(özel isimlet)_** The person _who lives above us_ is an engineer, _(defining)_ Mr. Smith, _who lives above us,_ is an engineer, _(non-defining)_ A country _which Is by the sea_ is usually a tourist attraction, _(defining)_ Turkey, _which Is surrounded by the sea on three sides,_ is of strategic importance, _(non- defining)_ * **Nouns with preceding modifiers _(Başka niteleme sözcükleriyle tanımlanmış_ _isimler)_** A mother _who Is very permissive with her children_ doesn’t necessarily make her a good mother, _(defining)_ _My _mother,_ who lives In Germany now, _was moderately permissive with us. _(non-defining)_ _Any _bus_ which comes here already full doesn’t _stop at this bus -stop,_ (defining) This _bus,_ which usually comes here already full, _goes directly to Kadıköy._ ( non-defining)_ The book _which Is on the table_ belongs to me. _(defining)_ _That green _book,_ which Is on the table, _belongs to me._ (non-defining)_ Bir isim kendinden sonra gelen bazı sözcüklerle de tanımlanmış olabilir. The man _who was working at the shop_ was friendly, _(defining)_ The man _at the shop, who gave my son a sweet,_ was friendly, _(non-defining)_ The table _which Is in the kitchen_ needs repairing, _(defining)_ The table in the kitchen, _which we usually have our breakfast on,_ needs repairing,_( non-defining)_ * _Coal, rice, milk, flower, etc. _gibi isimler genel anlamda kullanıldığı zaman, zatenherkesçe bilinen isimler olduğu için, non-deflnlng relative clause alır. Flowers, _which_ almost _everybody likes,_ need special care to grow. _(general – non-defining)_ The flowers _which are sold at that_ florist’s are usually fresh, _(specific – defining)_ Milk, _which Is essential for people of all ages,_ should be boiled well. _(general – non-defining)_ The milk _which we get from that dairy_ is really delicious, _(specific – defining)_ **Non-defining relative clause **ile** that **hiçbir durumda kullanılmaz. Diğer relative sözcükleri** who, whom, which, whose, where ve when **kullanılır. Non-defining relative clause, eğer arayagiriyorsa iki virgülle, cümlenin sonunda yer alıyorsa bir virgülle temel cümleden ayrılır. Mr. Smith, **_who works at the same company as me,_** _is_ very fond of children. I can rely on Mr. Smith, **_who works at the same company as me._** **8-11  SUBJECT POSITION** Özne durumunda, insanlar için sadece who, nesneler için sadece **which** kullanabiliriz. My father lives in Germany. **_He_** is over sixty now. **_My_** **_father, who _** is over sixty now, lives in Germany. Our television set has become erratic. It was bought eight years ago. **_Our_** ** _television set, which _**was bought eight years ago, has become erratic. **8-12  OBJECT POSITION** Nesne durumunda, insanlar için **who** ya da **whom,** cansız varlıklar ve hayvanlar için **which** kullanabiliriz. **Who, whom** ve **which** sözcüklerini atamayız. Mutlaka kullanmamız gerekir. My father lives in Germany. You met him yesterday. My father, **_whom you met yesterday,_** lives in Germany. **,** **_who_** **_you met yesterday,_** Our television set has become erratic. We bought it eight years ago. Our television set, **_which we bought eight years ago,_** has become erratic. Eğer isim, bir preposition’ın nesnesi durumunda ise, preposition relative clause’un sonunda yer alırsa **who** ya da **whom,** başında yer alırsa sadece **whom** kullanabiliriz. Nesneler için ise yine **which** kullanılır. _ıvır. Smith _is an honest person. I’ve been working_ with him _for five years. Mr. Smith, **_whom_** I’ve been working **_with_** for five years, is an honest person. * _who _I’ve been working_ **with** _for five years, is an honest person. * **_with whom _**I’ve been working for five years, is an honest person. _My car _is beginning to cause trouble. I had saved up_ **for it** _for two years. Mycar, **_which_** I had saved up _for_ for two years, is beginning to cause trouble.,** _for_** **_which _**I had saved up for two years, **8-13  POSSESSIVE** Bütün isimler için **whose** kullanabiliriz. Cansız varlıklar için “of **which”** de kullanabiliriz, ancak bu kullanım pek yaygın değildir. _My **classmate Susan** _doesn’t want to be a doctor._ **Her parents** are _both doctors. My classmate Susan, **_whose parents_** are both doctors, doesn’t want to be a doctor. **_Their house _**cost them too much money. They painted**_ its exterior _**pink. Theirhouse, **_whose exterior_** they painted pink, cost them too much money. , ** toe** **_exterior of which _**they painted pink, _Possessive _durumdaki isme ait bir preposition varsa, bu preposition’ı**whose’un** önünde ya da**relative clause’un **sonunda kullanabiliriz. _Mr. Clark is _leaving hospital. The doctor had some doubts_ **about his recovery.** _Mr. Clark, **whose** **_recovery_** the doctor had some doubts about is leaving hospital. , **_about whose recovery_** the doctor had some doubts, **_Uludağ _**is a famous ski resort. You can always see snow_on its top._Uludağ,** whose top **you can always see snow** _on,_ **is a famous ski resort. * **_on whose top _**you can always see snow, * **_on the top of which _**you can always see snow, **8-14             ‘WHERE’ IN NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES** Yer bildiren sözcükler için, non-defining relative clause’larda da **where** kullanabiliriz. **_Istanbul _**has many problems to solve. More than ten million people live**there.** _(in Istanbul)_ Istanbul, **where** more than ten million people live, has many problems to solve. * **_which _**more than ten million people live**In,** * **_in which _**more than ten million people live, Eğer bir yer ismi, tanımlayan cümlede özne ya da nesne durumundaysa **where** kullanamayız. Sadece **which** kullanabiliriz. **_Salihli _**is located in the west of Turkey._It_is my hometown. (It –_Subject)_ Salihli, **_which is my hometown,_** is located in the west of Turkey. **_Salihli _**is located in the west of Turkey. I like_it_very much, (it –_object)_ Salihli, **_which I like very much,_** is located in the west of Turkey. **_Salihli _**is located in the west of Turkey. I was born**there,**(in_Salihli – adverb of_ _place)_ Salihli, **where**                                                   I was born, is located in the west of Turkey. * **_which   _**I was born**_ in,_** * **_in which _**I was born, **8-11  SUBJECT POSITION** Özne durumunda, insanlar için sadece who, nesneler için sadece **which** kullanabiliriz. My father lives in Germany. **_He_** is over sixty now. _My_ **_father, who _**is over sixty now, lives in Germany. Our television set has become erratic. It was bought eight years ago. **_Our_** ** _television set, which _**was bought eight years ago, has become erratic. **8-12                OBJECT POSITION** Nesne durumunda, insanlar için **who** ya da **whom,** cansız varlıklar ve hayvanlar için **which** kullanabiliriz. **Who, whom** ve **which** sözcüklerini atamayız. Mutlaka kullanmamız gerekir. My father lives in Germany. You met him yesterday. My father, **_whom you met yesterday,_** lives in Germany. , _who_ **_you met _**_yesterday,_ Our television set has become erratic. We bought it eight years ago. Our television set, **_which we bought eight years ago,_** has become erratic. Eğer isim, bir preposition’ın nesnesi durumunda ise, preposition relative clause’un sonunda yer alırsa **who** ya da **whom,** başında yer alırsa sadece **whom** kullanabiliriz. Nesneler için ise yine **which** kullanılır. **_ıvır. smith _**is an honest person. I’ve been working**with_ him _**for five years. Mr. Smith, **_whom_** I’ve been working With for five years, is an honest person. * _who _I’ve been working**wftfa**for five years, is an honest person. * **with _whom_ **I’ve been working for five years, is an honest person. _My **car** _is beginning to cause trouble. I had saved up_ **for it** _for two years. Mycar, **_which_** _I_ had saved up _for_ for two years, is beginning to cause trouble. , **_for_** **_which _**I had saved up for two years, **8-13  POSSESSIVE** Bütün isimler için **whose** kullanabiliriz. Cansız varlıklar için **“of which”** de kullanabiliriz, ancak bu kullanım pek yaygın değildir. **_My classmate Susan _**doesn’t want to be a doctor.**_ Her parents _**are both doctors. My classmate Susan, **_whose parents_** are both doctors, doesn’t want to be a doctor. **_Their house _**cost them too much money. They painted**_ its exterior _**pink. Theirhouse, **_whose exterior_** they painted pink, cost them too much money. , ** the** **_exterior of which _**they painted pink, _Possessive _durumdaki isme ait bir preposition varsa, bu preposition’ı whose’un önünde ya darelative clause’un sonunda kullanabiliriz. _Mr. Clark _is leaving hospital. The doctor had some doubts_ about his recovery. _Mr. Clark, whose recovery the doctor had some doubts _about,_ is leaving hospital., _about whose recovery _the doctor had some doubts, _Uludağ _is a famous ski resort. You can always see snow_ on its top. _Uludağ,whose _top_ you can always see snow _on,_ is a famous ski resort. * _on whose top _you can always see snow, * _on the top of which _you can always see snow, 8-14  “WHERE^(1) IN NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES Yer bildiren sözcükler için, non-defining relative clause’larda da where kullanabiliriz. _Istanbul _has many problems to solve. More than ten million people live there. _(in Istanbul}_ Istanbul, where more than ten million people live, has many problems to solve. * _which _more than ten million people live_ in,_ - _in which _more than ten million people live, Eğer bir yer ismi, tanımlayan cümlede özne ya da nesne durumundaysa where kullanamayız. Sadece which kullanabiliriz. _Salihli _is located in the west of Turkey._ It _is my hometown. (It –_ Subject)_ Salihli, _which is my hometown,_ is located in the west of Turkey. _Salihli _is located in the west of Turkey. I like_ ît _very much. (It –_ object)_ Salihli, _which I like very much,_ is located in the west of Turkey. _Salihli _is located in the west of Turkey. I was born_ there, (in Salihli – adverb of_ _place)_ Salihli, where                                                   I was born, is located in the west of Turkey. * _which    _I was born_ in,_ * _in which _I was born, **8-15              “WHEN” IN NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES** Non-defining relative clause’larda, zaman ifade eden sözcükler için when ya da preposition + which kullanabiliriz. One of the most important dates in Turkish history is 29 October, 1923. The Republic was founded then, (on _that date)_ One of the most important dates in Turkish history is 29 October, 1923, _when/on which _the Republic was founded. My favourite season is spring. Nature awakens with all its lively colours then, ( in _spring)_ My favourite season is spring, _when/in which_ nature awakens with all its lively colours. Süreç bildiren bir zaman zarfını tanımlayan relative clause’larda preposition + which time kullanılır. Bu tür cümlelerde preposition + which time yerine when kullanamayız. The guests arrived at 7 p.m. I had finished all the preparations by then. The guests arrived at 7 p.m., _by which time_ I had finished all the preparations. **8-16**                 **USING EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY IN RELATIVE CLAUSES** **a)**                         _One of, all of, most of, _none_ of,_    _etc. _gibi ifadeleri, hem insanları hem de nesneleri tanımlarken kullanabiliriz. Bu ifadeleri relative clause’da insanlar için **one of whom,** **some of whom, most of whom, etc. **biçiminde, nesneler için ise** one of which, some of** **which, most of which, etc. **biçiminde kullanırız. Eğer tanımladığımız isim possessive durumdaysa, **one of whose, some of whose, etc.**  gibi ifadeler kullanabiliriz. Sally has two very close **_Mends. Both of them_** are interested in music like her. Sally has two very close friends,  **_both of whom_** are interested in music like her. Sally has very nice **parents.** I like **_both of them_** very much. Sally has very nice parents, **_both of whom_** I like very much. I want to introduce you to my friend **_Salty. One of her biggest interests_** is classical music. I want to introduce you to my friend Sally, **one** **_of whose biggest Interests_** is classical music. She bought **_many things_** at the store. **_Only a few of them_** were necessary. She bought many things at the store, **_ontya few of which_** were necessary. There are **_many Sims_** on this week. I’m quite interested in **two** **_of them._** There are many films on this week, **_two of which_** I’m quite interested **_in._** I watched **a** **_film_** on TV last night. **Some** **_of its scenes_** were disgusting. I watched a film on TV last night, **some** **_of whose scenes_** were disgusting. * **Some of them, all of us, none of them, etc. **gibi miktar/sayı bildiren sözcükler, virgüllecümlenin devamından ayrılarak, relative clause ile aynı anlamı verecek biçimde kullanılabilir. Ancak bu yapılar bir clause değildir, sözcük öbeğidir. Bu nedenle, fiiller (yüklem) yoktur. Bu yapılar da, aynı relative clause’da olduğu gibi, tanımladığı isme açıklık getirir. The parade was watched by a lot of people, **_some of whom had_** their children on their shoulders. The parade was watched by a lot of people, **some** **_of them_** with their children on their shoulders. My father gave me a chest full of books, **most** **_of which were_** rather old. My father gave me a chest full of books, **most** **_of them_** rather old. I have two antique vases, **both** **_of which have been_** in my family’s possession for over a century. I have two antique vases, **both** **_of them_** in my family’s possession for over a century. **8-17  USING “WHICH” TO MODIFY A WHOLE SENTENCE** Bazen bir relative clause tek bir sözcüğü değil de bütün bir cümleyi tanımlayabilir. Bu durumda relative sözcüğü olarak sadece which kullanılır. Relative clause temel cümlenin sonuna eklenir ve bir virgülle cümleden ayrılır. She got a rather low grade on the test. That surprised me. She got a rather low grade on the test, _which_ surprised me. (Testten _çok düşük bir not aldı ki bu da beni şaşırttı.)_ It’s impossible for us to catch the train. _This_ is too bad. It’s impossible for us to catch the train, _which_ is too bad. (Tirene _yetişmemiz imkansız ki bu da çok kötü oldu.)_ Bu örneklerde that ve this, birinci cümlenin yerine kullanılmıştır. Birinci cümlenin yerine kullandığımız this ya da that, bazen ikinci cümlenin ortalarında yer alabilir. Bunu relative clause’a çevirirken which virgülden hemen sonra gelmek durumundadır. They invited me to their wedding. I appreciated that very much. They invited me to their wedding, _which_ I appreciated very much. (Beni _düğünlerine davet ettiler ki bu da çok hoşuma gitti.)_ Bu yapıyla ifade ettiğimiz cümleleri genellikle başka biçimlerde de ifade edebiliriz. He helped me. _That was_ kind of him. He helped me, _which_ was kind of him. _(=lt was kind of him to help me.)_ They lent me a large sum. _That was_ generous of them. They lent me a large sum, _which_ was generous of them. _(=It was generous of them to lend me a large sum.}_ **8-18             RELATIVE CLAUSE, NOUN CLAUSE OR ADVERBIAL CLAUSE** _Relative clause’larda _kullandığımız that, which,_ who, _when, where gibi sözcükleri_ noun clause _ve _adverb clause_ ile de kullanabiliriz. Aradaki farkı şu örneklerle inceleyelim. | I don’t know | _the city_ | _where he lives._ | |   |   | _(noun)_ | _(relative clause)_ |   | | I don’t _know_ | _where he lives._ | |   | _(verb)_ | _(noun clause)_ |   | | | | | | | | Örneklerde de gördüğümüz gibi, relative clause daima bir isimden sonra, noun clause ise bir fiilden sonra gelir. Örnekteki relative clause’u başka biçimlerde de ifade edebiliriz. | I don’t know _the city_ | _where_ | he lives. | in. | |   | _that_ | he | lives | |   | _which _he | lives | in. | * he lives in. _In which _he lives. Noun clause’u bir tek biçimde ifade edebiliriz. I don’t know _where he lives._ Adverbial clause, noun clause ve relative clause arasındaki farklılıklar için aşağıdaki örnekleri inceleyiniz. | They got married on _a day  when I was abroad._ |   | V | |   |   |   |   |   | _(noun)_ | _(relative clause)_ |   |   | | _(Benim yurt dışında olduğum bir günde evlendiler.)_ | , | | They _got married  when I was abroad._ |   |   | |   |   |   | _(verb)_ | _(adverbial clause)_ |   |   |   |   | |   | _(Ben yurt dışındayken evlendiler.)_ |   |   | |   | I _don’t remember when they got married._ | .’.,..’ |   | |   |   |   | _(verb)_ |   | _(noun clause)_ |   |   | |   | _(Ne zaman evlendiklerini hatırlamıyorum.)_ |   |   | |   | I want to know _the students_ | _who/that are coming with us._ | |   |   |   |   | _(noun)_ | _(relative clause)_ |   |   | |   | _(Bizimle gelecek öğrencileri öğrenmek istiyorum.)_ |   |   | | I _want to know_ | _who are fiş) coming with us._ | _••’•_ | |   |   |   | _(verb)_ |   | _(noun clause)_ |   | | | | | | | | | | | | | | _(Bizimle kimlerin geleceğini öğrenmek istiyorum.)_ What bir isimden sonra gelmez. Genellikle bir fiilden sonra gelir ya da özne durumundaki bir noun clause’un başında bulunur. What, _the thing that/the things that_ anlamındadır.( Burada _that _yerine_ which _de kullanılabilir; ama,_ that _kullanımı daha yaygındır.) | I _don’t know_ | _what he bought (Ne aldığını bilmiyorum.)_ | |   | _(verb)_ | _(noun clause)_ |   | | | | | | I _don’t know the thing that he bought._ _(Aldığı şeyi bilmiyorum.)_ _(noun)_                                                       _(relative clause)_ _What he said__ _wasn’t so important._ (Ne dediği o kadar önemli değildi.)_ _(noun clause)_ _The thing that he said__ _wasn’t so important._ (Söylediği şey o kadar önemli değildi.)_ _(relative clause)__ **8-19**             **REDUCTION OF RELATIVE CLAUSES** Bir relative clause’u, anlamını hiç bozmadan, cümle olmaktan çıkarıp sözcük öbeği biçiminde kısaltabiliriz. The boy **_who Is running_** towards us is my son. The boy                                                    **_running _**towards us is my son. The money **_which was stolen_** from the bank has been recovered. The money                                                            **_stolen _** from the bank has been recovered. Bir relative clause’u kısaltabilmemiz için, **who, that, which** sözcüklerinin relative clause’da özne durumunda bulunması gerekir. Yani, relative clause’un bu sözcüklerden başka bir öznesinin olmaması gerekir. Eğer varsa, o cümlede kısaltma yapamayız. The boy who _you _met yesterday is my son._ (kısaltılamağ _whom _you_ met yesterday that                                                            _you _met yesterday 0                                                                  _you _met yesterday The money which /lost last week has been recovered, _(kisaltilamaz)_ that                                                                 _I _lost last week 0                                                                      / lost last week **Blr relative clause’u şu şekillerde kısaltabiliriz:** * **Present participle** _the boy running, the people waiting for the bus, a truck carrying passengers, etc._ Eğer relative clause’un tense’i, _present continuous, past continuous, simple present_ ya da _simple_ _past tense _ve yüklemi_ active _ise kısaltmada**present participle** kullanılır. The man **_who lives_** upstairs is making too much noise. The man                                                 **_living _**upstairs is making too much noise. The woman **_who Is talking_** to the teacher is my mother. The woman                                                    **_talking _**to the teacher is my mother. The customers _who wanted_ to see the manager looked very angry. The customers                                                   _wanting _to see the manager looked very angry. The children _who were playing_ in the rain seemed very happy. The children                                                            _playing _in the rain seemed very happy. It’s a school _which employs_                                                both foreign and native teachers. It’s a school                                                     _employing _both foreign and native teachers. The tree _which blocked the_ road was blown down by the storm. The tree                                                     _blocking _the road was blown down by the storm. Aynı kuralları göz önüne alarak, non-defining relative clause’larda da kısaltma yapabiliriz. Kısaltılan bölümü yine virgülle cümlenin devamından ayırmamız gerekir. Her parents, _who expect_ her to get a high grade, will be disappointed if she can’t. Her parents,                                             _expecting _her to get a high grade, will be disappointed if she can’t. Mary, _who wanted_ to make an impression on the teacher, studied very hard. Mary,                                                   _wanting to _make an impression on the teacher, studied very hard. My son, _who is playing with_ some children over there, is very sensitive. My son,                                                     playing’with some children over there, is very sensitive. * **Past participle** _the cake divided into two, the explanations made by the Prime Minister, etc._ Relative clause’un yüklemi passive ise kısaltmada past participle kullanılır. The child _who was punished by the teacher_ was standing in the corner. The child                                                           _punished by the teacher _was standing in the corner. I like to listen to songs _which are sung in Turkish._ I like to listen to songs                                                        _sung in Turkish._ Her husband, _who was promoted to a higher position,_ will get more money. Her husband,                                                           _promoted to a higher position, _will get more money. * **Be + adjective phrase** The girl _who is happy with her exam result_ is smiling. The girl                                                     _happy with her exam result _is smiling. Anyone _who is interested in animals_ can join our club. Anyone                                                      _interested in animals _can join our club. I need a box _which is big enough to hold_ these books. I need a box                                                             _big enough to hold _these books. My car, _which was much cheaper than yours,_ hasn’t caused me any trouble. My car,                                                            _much cheaper than yours, _hasn’t caused me any trouble. * **Be + prepositional phrase** The books _which are on the top shelf are_ difficult to reach. The books                                                               _on the top shelf are _difficult to reach. The people _who were along both sides of the road_ were watching the parade. The people                                                          _along both sides of the road _were watching the parade. The students _who are in the canteen_ must not be aware of the time. The students                                                       _in the canteen _must not be aware of the time. * To + Infinitive _The first, the second, the last, the only gibi _ifadelerden sonra, bazen de super/ aüve’lerdensonra relative clause “to do” biçiminde kısaltılabilir. Yesterday, I was _the last person who left_ the office. Yesterday, I was _the last person to leave_ the office. _(Dün bürodan en son ayrılan kişi bendim.)_ I’m usually _the first person who leaves_ the office. I’m usually _the Ûrst person to leave_ the office. _(Genellikle bürodan ilk ayrılan kişi ben olurum.)_ Eğer relative clause’un yüklemi passive ise, kısaltmada passive infinitive “to be done” kullanılır. _The only man that was seen _there that day was Mr Smith._ The onfyman to be seen _there that day was Mr Smith._ (O gün orada görülen tek kişi Mr Smith idi.)_ _The best route that can be followed _is through the woods. _The best route to be followed_                                                  is through the woods. _(İzlenecek en iyi yol koruluktan geçendir.)_ To + infinitive biçimindeki kısaltmayı _something, anything, nothing, someone, anybody, etc._ gibi sözcüklerden sonra, _zorunluluk, gereklilik_ ifade ederken pek çok isimden sonra ve bazı modanarın yerine kullanabiliriz. Would you like _something that you can read?_ Would you like _something to read?_ It’s cold outside. I need _something that I can put on._ I need _something to put on._ There was _nothing that we could eat._ There was _nothing to eat._ _I have a lot of work that I must do. I_ _have a lot of work to do._ _Today, I will have many clients that I must deal with._ Today, I will have _many clients to deal with._ We need a larger _box that we can put these books in._ We need a larger _box to put these books in._ _The _children need a_ playground that they can play in._ _The _children need a_ playground to play in._ * **Reduction of Continuous Tenses in Passive Form** Relative clause’larda kısaltma yaparken, normalde _“being’_ kullanılmaz. Ancak, continuous tense’lerle passive eylem kullanılmışsa, eylemin sürerlik bildiren özelliğine dikkati çekmek için **“being done” **kullanılabilir. The term **_which is currently being discussed_** at the board meeting was added to the agenda at the last moment. The term **_currently being discussed_** at the board meeting was added to the agenda at the last moment. (Yönetim _kurulunda şu anda_ **_tartışılmakta olan_** _madde gündeme son anda_ _eklendi.)_ Everybody was captured by the charm of the music **_which was being played_** so beautifully by the orchestra. Everybody was captured by the charm of the music **_being played_** so beautifully by the orchestra, **_(…çalınmakta olan_** _müziğin…)_ **ğ)**                      **Appositive Phrase** **ApposltLve phrase, **bir isme açıklık kazandırmak için, isimden sonra kullanılan bir isim ya dazamir grubudur. Appositive phrase, fazladan bilgi verdiği için, virgülle cümlenin devamından ayrılır. Mr Jones, **_who is the headmaster of our school,_** is a very strict man. Mr Jones, **_the headmaster of our school,_** is a very strict man. İsmet İnönü, _who was the second President of Turkey,_ was a contemporary of Atatürk’s. İsmet İnönü, **_the second President of Turkey,_** was a contemporary of Atatürk’s. Ankara, **_which is the capital city of Turkey,_** is better organized than Istanbul. Ankara, **_the capital city of Turkey,_** is better organized than Istanbul. Basketball, **_which is my favourite sport,_** attracts less interest than football. Basketball, **_my favourite sport,_** attracts less interest than football. * **Non-defining relative phrase, **bazen tanımladığı ismin önünde ya da cümlenin sonundayer alabilir. Özellikle /, _he, she, they_ gibi kişi zamirlerini tanımlıyorsa, bu zamirin önünde yer alması yaygın bir kullanımdır. She, **_who was once interested in rock music,_** now listens to classical. **_Once interested in rock music, _**she now listens to classical._(Birzamanlar rock müziğe ilgi duyan o şimdi klasikleri dinliyor.)_ Today’s people, **_who aren’t thinking of the future generations,_** are inconsiderately polluting the earth. Today’s people, **_not thinking of the future generations,_** are inconsiderately polluting the earth. **_Not thinking of the future generations, _**today’s people are inconsiderately polluting the earth. Today’s people are inconsiderately polluting the earth, **_not thinking of the_** _future generations._ _(Gelecek nesilleri düşünmeyen günümüz insanı dünyayı saygısızca kirletiyor.)_ 8-20          CLEFT SENTENCES * Cleft sentence Türkçe’ye _“bölünmüş cümle”_ biçiminde çevrilebilir. İngilizce’de cleft sentence, basit ya da düz bir cümlenin bir bölümünü ya da bir öğesini vurgulamak için, cümleyi _“clause”_ içerecek biçimde yeniden ifade etmektir. Bu cümle yapısında genellikle cümleye “it” ile başlanır ve devamında bir relative clause kullanılır. Vurgulamak istediğimiz öğe insan ise, “It is/was someone who/that….”; insan dışında bir varlık ise “It Is/was something that….” kalıbı kullanılır. _Nikola Tesla _actually invented the radio,_ (simple statement) (Radyoyu aslında Nikola Tesla icat etti.) It was Nikola Tesla who/that _actually invented the radio._( Radyoyu icat eden aslında Nikola Tesla idi.)_ (= Nikola Tesla was the person _who/that_ actually invented the radio.) (= The person _who/that_ actually invented the radio was Nikola Tesla.) He gave his wife _a necklace_ on their wedding anniversary. _(Evlilik yıldönümlerinde karısına bir gerdanlık hediye etti.)_ _It was a necklace that _he gave his wife on their wedding anniversary. _(Evlilik yıldönümlerinde karısına hediye ettiği bir gerdanlıktı.}_ (= _The present that he gave his wife on their wedding anniversary was a necklace.}_ * Pseudo-cleft sentences diye adlandırılan ve cleft sentence gibi görünen yapılarda, vurgulanan öğeye göre _who, what, where_ gibi sözcüklerle noun clause kullanmak da mümkündür. Nazi Germany took Prague in March 1939. Prague was the city _that_ Nazi Germany took in March, 1939. Prague was _what_ Nazi Germany took in March, 1939. The city _that_ Nazi Germany took in March, 1939 was Prague. _What _Nazi Germany took in March, 1939 was Prague. It was Prague _that_ Nazi Germany took in March, 1939. World War II actually began in the Far East, when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937. The Far East was actually _(the place) where_ World War II began……….. _(The place) where _World War II actually began was the Far East, ….. World War II actually began on July 7, 1937, _when_ Japan invaded China. July 7, 1937 was _(the day} when/the day that_ World War II actually began …. _(The day] when/The day _that World War II actually began was July 7, 1937 ………. * Cleft sentence ile fiilleri de vurgulayabiliriz. Dogs bark. _What dogs do _is (to) bark. Samuel Beckett wrote several outstanding novels in addition to his more famous plays. _What Samuel Beckett did _was (to) write several outstanding novels in additionto his more famous plays. I have recently finished the introduction to my thesis. _What I have done recently _is (to) finish the introduction to my thesis. * Cleft sentence biçiminde bütün bir cümleyi de vurgulayabiliriz. He caused an accident with his careless driving. _What happened is (that) _he caused an accident with his careless driving. Your dad will help you if you give him a kiss. _What will happen is (that) your _dad will help you if you give him a kiss. * Cleft sentence yapısında, vurgulanan öğe /, _we, they, etc._ gibi zamirler olabilir. It was _I who_ first made this suggestion. _that _first made this suggestion,_ (daha çok “who” kullanılır.)_ _(Bu öneriyi ilk getiren bendim.)_ It’s _they who_ want to cancel the meeting. _that _want to cancel the meeting. _(Toplantıyı iptal etmek isteyen onlar.)_ **MQTC ****…………………………………………………………………………………..** “It is/was ….” kalıbından sonra kural olarak subject pronoun (7, _we, they,_ _he, she, etc.) _kullanmak gerekir. Ancak Informal English’de object pronoun(me, us, _them, him, her, etc.)_ kullanımı daha yaygındır. It was _me who/that_ first made this suggestion. It’s _them who/that_ want to cancel the meeting. * Diğer vurgulu cleft sentence yapılarını şöyle sıralayabiliriz. “All (that)” ve “the (only) thing (that)” gibi yapıların da cleft sentence biçiminde kullanımı yaygındır. _All (that) _I want is a chance to prove that I am right. (= 7 _want a chance to prove that I am right and nothing else.)_ _AU (that) _you need to do is (to) tie the two strings together. (=_ You need to tie the two strings together and nothing else.) (Bütün yapman gereken, iki ipi birbirine bağlamaktır.)_ _All (that) _he’s done is (to) ruin my life! (= He’s ruined my life!) _The onfy thing (that) _I can recall is making a fool of myself._ The onfy thing( that) _I remember is that I made a fool of myself. (= 7_ can recall/remember making a fool of myself and nothing else.)_