The Verb Tenses

1- THE PAST PERFECT TENSE

1-1 FORM

Bu tense’i oluşturmak için had + past participle kullanılır. “I had, We had, She had, etc.” yerine kısaltılmış olarak “I’d, We’d, She’d, etc.” yapılarını kullanabiliriz.

She had just eaten lunch.

I hadn’t finished my test when the bell rang.

I had already finished my work when the guests arrived.

I didn’t want to go to the cinema, because I’d seen the film before.

1-2 USE OF THE PAST PERFECT TENSE

a) Past Perfect Tense, Present Perfect Tense’in past biçimidir.

Present : I am not hungry. I have just eaten.

Past : When I went home, I wasn’t hungry, because I had just eaten.

Present : I have never seen a kangaroo before.

Past : When I went to Australia last year, I saw a kangaroo there. I had never seen a kangaroo before.

Present : I don’t want to see that film. I’ve already seen it.

Past : I didn’t want to go to the cinema with my friends. I had already seen the film.

Present : I can’t go out with you now. My daughter hasn’t come back from school yet.

Past : I couldn’t go out with them, because my daughter hadn’t come back from school yet.

b) Since, for, always, etc. gibi zarflarla kullanımı:

Since, for, always gibi zarfların, Present Perfect Tense (I have done) ile kullanıldığını ve geçmişte başlayıp içinde bulunduğumuz ana kadar devam eden ya da içinde bulunduğumuz anda da devam etmekle olan eylemleri ifade ettiğini görmüştük.

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I had finished my work.

You had studied hard.

He/She/It had eaten lunch.

We had seen the film.

You had helped her.

They had heard the news.

I had net finished my work. You had not studied hard. He/She/It had not eaten lunch. We had not seen the film. You had not helped her. They had not heard the news. Had I finished my work? Had you studied hard? Had he/she/it eaten lunch? Had we seen the film? Had you helped her? Had they heard the news?

Since, for, always gibi zarflar, Past Perfect Tense (I had done ) ile de kullanılır. Ancak bu kez, geçmişte başlayıp yine geçmişte bir noktaya kadar devam etmiş olan eylemleri anlatır.

PRESENT PERFECT or PAST PERFECT

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

past (had) now future

(have/has)

He started to work

for us as a clerk in 1996.

He became our assistant manager in 1998.

He is our assistant manager now.

He has been our assistant manager for three years. Before that, he had worked for us as a clerk for two years.

MORE EXAMPLES

We were going to meet, in front of the cinema at 2p.m. yesterday. I arrived there at 2p.m. sharp, but she hadn’t come yet. When it was 2.30 and she still hadn’t come, I gave up waiting and went into the cinema.

Yesterday, the traffic was heavy, and it took me a long time to get home. When I arrived home, my parents had already eaten their dinner.

Last year, he made a very bad mistake at work, but his boss couldn’t dismiss him just for that. He had worked for them for ten years and hadn’t done anything wrong before.

c) Past Perfect Tense, geçmişte belli bir noktada olmuş olaylardan söz ederken, daha geçmişte olmuş olayları vurgulamak için de kullanılır.

When I saw her again ten years later, I found her greatly changed, both physically and mentally. She had dyed her hair blond and had got thinner. She had left her parents and had started to earn her own living.

When her marriage was breaking up, she remembered her father’s words. He had warned her against the difficulties of taking on the responsibility of marriage, and he had told her that she was too young to lace them. She hadn’t listened to him then and had got married. She now realized how right he had been.

Ancak, amaç geçmişteki olayları sadece akış sırasına göre vermekse, Past Perfect kullanmak gerekmez.

She wanted to get married when she was only eighteen. Her father objected to it. He warned her against the difficulties of taking on the responsibility of marriage at such an early age, but she didn’t listen to him and got married.

Bazı durumlarda ise Simple Past yada Past Perfect kullanılması anlam değişikliğine yol

1) When we arrived at the farm house, I warned her to beware of the dog. (Çiftlik evine varınca, köpeğe dikkat etmesi için onu uyardım.)

2) When we arrived at the farm house, she was cautious. I had warned her to beware of the dog. ( Çiftlik evine vardığımızda, tedbirliydi. Köpeğe dikkat etmesi için onu uyarmıştım.)

Yukarıdaki cümlelerden birincisinde “uyarma” eylemi çiftlik evine gelince, ikincisinde ise gelmeden önce yapılmıştır.

When I arrived at the party, Chris left.

( First, I arrived. Then Chris left, so I saw him. )

When I arrived at the party, Chris had left.

( First, he left. Then I arrived, so I didn’t see him.)

While I was coming here, I saw an accident. A car had run into a cyclist.

(I didn’t see the accident happen. )

While I was coming here, I saw an accident. A car ran into a cyclist.

(I saw the accident happen. )

2- SIMPLE PAST and PAST PERFECT TENSES in TIME CLAUSES

( Bu tense’lerin Zaman Bağlaçlarıyla kullanımı )

Bu tense’leri zaman bağlaçlarıyla kullanırken, eylemlerin geçmişteki oluş sıralarını dikkate almamız gerekir. İki eylemden daha önce olanını Past Perfect ile daha sonra olanını ise Simple Past ile ifade edebiliriz.

X X

Past present future

first action second action

Past Perfect Simple Past

First: She cleaned the house. Second: The guests arrived.

After she had cleaned the house, the guests arrived.

Before the guests arrived, she had cleaned the house.

She had cleaned the house when the guests arrived.

a) With after:

After she had graduated from university, she went to England.

After we had travelled on a coach (or ten straight hours, we continued our journey by horse to get to the mountain village.

“After” in bağlı bulunduğu cümle, cümlenin sonunda da yer alabilir.

She felt better after she had taken a tablet.

After she had taken a tablet, she felt better.

“After”, geçmişteki iki eylemden daha önce olanım ifade ettiği için, bağlı bulunduğu cümlede normalde Past Perfect kullanılır. Ancak “after”, eylemlerin sırasını zaten belirttiği için , Past Perfect yerine Simple Past da kullanabiliriz. Bu durumda anlam değişmez.

After she graduated from university, she went to England.

After we travelled on a coach for ten straight hours, we continued our journey by horse to get to the mountain village.

b) With before:

“Before” un bağlı olduğu cümle, geçmişte yapılan iki eylemden, daha sonra yapılanı ifade ettiği için, “before”lu cümlede Simple Past, temel cümlede ise Past Perfect kullanılır. Ancak “before” da “after” gibi eylemlerin sırasını belirttiği için, temel cümlede Past Perfect yerine Simple Past da kulanılır.

Before she came to live in this city, she had lived in İzmir. Before she came to live in this city, she lived in İzmir.

I had finished my exam paper before the bell rang. I finished my exam paper before the bell rang.

c) With till / until:

I didn’t interrupt him until/till he finished his speech.

had finished

I didn’t speak to him until/till he spoke to me.

had spoken

“Until/till” ile Past Perfect kullanımı çok yaygın değildir. Ancak, yan cümlecikteki eylemin temel cümledeki eylemden önce tamamlanmış olduğunu vurgulamak islersek, Past Perfect kullanabiliriz. Aksi takdirde, Simple Past kullanmamız yeterlidir.

They didn’t leave the office until I had completed my report.

( They left after I had completed my report.)

She didn’t give up studying prepositions until she had learnt them by heart.

“Till/Until” ile kurulmuş bir cümlede, Past Perfect Tense’in never, always, once, in his life gibi zarflarla kullanımını göz önüne alarak, temel cümlede Past Perfect kullanmak mümkündür.

I had never seen a kangaroo until I saw one in Australia last year.

The teacher had always been patient with us until we made her furious yesterday.

The students hadn’t heard of the author in their lives until I mentioned him.

d) With as soon as:

“As soon as “, temel cümleyle yan cümleciğin eylemleri arasında gecen zamanın çok kısa olduğunu vurgular. Eylemleri oluş sırasına göre dizdiği için, Past Perfect kullanmak zorunlu

değildir. Ancak birinci eylemin tamamlandığını vurgulamak amacıyla, Simple Past yerine Past Perfect kullanabiliriz.

As soon as the guests left/ had left, I went straight to bed.

I went to see her as soon as I heard / had heard the news.

The students burst into laughter as soon as the teacher left / had left the classroom.

As soon as they found /had found a better house, they sold their old one.

We decided to go shopping as soon as the rain stopped / had stopped. (Yağmur diner dinmez alışverişe çıkmaya karar verdik.)

e) With when:

“When”, kullanırken dikkat edilmesi gereken bağlaçlardan biridir. Çünkü, kullandığımız tense’ e göre, eylemlerin birbirleriyle olan ilişkisi farklılık gösterir, anlam değişir.

When he left home, I was washing the dishes.

( O evden çıktığında ben bulaşık yıkıyordum.)

( I started to wash the dishes before he left, and hadn’t yet finished when he was leaving.)

When he left home, I washed the dishes.

( O evden çıkınca, bulaşıkları yıkadım.)

( I waited for him to leave home and then I started to wash the dishes.)

When he left home, I had washed the dishes.

( O evden çıktığında, ben bulaşıkları yıkamıştım. )

( I started to wash the dishes and finished them before he left home.)

She was preparing dinner when I got home.

She prepared dinner when I got home.

She had prepared dinner when I got home.

“Already, just, yet, hardly/scarcely” gibi zarfları “when” li bir cümlede kullandığımızda, temel cümle Past Perfect Tense gerektirir.

I hadn’t yet replied to their letter when they came to visit me.

She had hardly entered the classroom when the exam started.

(Sınav başladığında, o sınıfa henüz/yenice girmişti.)

When we arrived there, the film had already started.

Eğer “when” in bağlı bulunduğu cümledeki eylem, temel cümledeki eylemden daha önce olmuşsa, “when” li cümlede de Past Perfect kullanabiliriz.

When I had explained the subject to the class. I gave them a quiz.

( First, I explained the subject. Then I gave them a quiz.)

When the workers had finished some part of their work, they sat down eat lunch.

f) With by the time:

By the time she came back. I had finished my work.

The film had already begun by the time we got to the cinema.

We had already started to discuss the case by the time the manager came.

When + Simple Past , was / were doing

When + Simple Past , did

When + Simple Past , had done

By the time + Simple Past , Past Perfect

By the time the guests arrived, my mother had finished all the cooking. (Konuklar gelinceye kadar annem yemek pişirme işini bitirmişti.) Konuklar geldiğinde

“By the time” ın Türkçe’ye çevirisine dikkat ediniz. Yukarıdaki örneği “………… gelinceye kadar” ya da “………….. geldiğinde” biçiminde çevirdik. Bu nedenle “by the time”, “when” ile yakın bir anlama sahiptir. “Geçmişte bir eylem olduğunda/oluncaya kadar, diğer bir eylem olmuştu.’ anlamını verir.

X X |

past I finished cleaning now future

(first action)

They came

(second action)

By the time they came, I had finished cleaning.

By the time I arrived at the station, the train had left.

By the time scientists found a cure for tuberculosis, many people had died of it.

Eğer, “geçmişte bir eylem olduğunda, başka bir eylem zaten oluyordu” anlamını vermek istiyorsak, temel cümlede (already) + was/were doing kullanabiliriz.

past I left the office now future

It was raining

By the time I left the office, it was already raining.

By the time we prepared her milk, the baby was already crying.

By the time I arrived at my date, my friends were already waiting for me.

Temel cümlede Simple Past kullanılmaz. Ancak, “be” fiilinin past biçimi olan “was/were” kullanılır.

By the time I noticed the leak, the kitchen floor was already full of water.

By the time the journey was over, it was already midnight.

By the time we arrived home, it was already 2 o’clock.

By the time he retired from his work, he was sixty years old.

“By the time” ile “until”, Türkçe’ye “……………. oluncaya kadar” biçiminde çevrildiği halde, geçmişteki iki eylem arasında farklı bir ilişkiyi ifade ederler.

She came back

X |

past X X X X now future

Her plants died

By the time she came back from holiday, all her plants at home had died.

( When she came back, she found all her plants dead. )

Yukarıdaki örnekte ve diğer örneklerde gördüğümüz gibi, “by the time”, “ikinci eylem olduğunda, diğer eylem olup bitmişti” anlamını vurguluyor.

She came back

X |

past now future

I watered her plants

I watered her plants until she came hack from holiday.

Bu örnekte de gördüğümüz gibi, “until” ,”birinci eylemin, ikinci eylemin olduğu noktaya kadar devam ettiğini, tam o noktada bittiğini” vurguluyor.

By the time I got to the airport, my plane had taken off.

(The plane departed some time before my arrival, so I missed it.)

I went to the airport yesterday to see a friend of mine off. I stayed in the waiting lounge until the plane took off.

(I saw the plane take off and then I left the airport.)

3- THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

3-1 FORM

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I had been working. You had been sleeping. He/She/H bad been eating. We had been waiting. You had been dancing. They had been talking. I had not been working. You had not been sleeping. He/She/k had not been eating. We had not been waiting. You had not been dancing. They had not been talking. Had I been working? Had you been sleeping? Had he/she/it been eating? Had we been waiting? Had you been dancing? Had they been talking?

He had been sleeping for two hours when suddenly a noise woke him up in the middle of the night.

The two countries had been fighting for almost seven years when a peace treaty was signed between them.

The party had been going on for two hours when the lights suddenly went out.

When she decided to retire, she had been working as a teacher for fifteen years.

Örneklerde de görüldüğü gibi, Past Perfect Continuous Tense, tam olarak Present Perfect Continuous Tense’in past biçimidir. Hatırlayacağınız gibi. Present Perfect Continuous, geçmişte başlayıp içinde bulunduğumuz anda da devam eden , ya da içinde bulunduğumuz anda henüz bitmiş ama belirtileri devam eden eylemleri ifade ediyordu. Past Perfect Continuous ise, geçmişte başlayıp yine geçmişte bir noktaya kadar devam eden eylemleri ifade eder.

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 2001

past (had been fighting) now future

They started to fight

The war ended

They had been fighting for four years when the war ended in 1994. since 1990

We had been waiting for him for exactly three hours when he finally came.

His hands were covered in oil, because he had been repairing the car.

The child’s eyes were watery, because he had been crying.

They were all exhausted, because they had been working hard since the morning.

( Hepsi çok yorgundu, çünkü sabahtan beri çok yoğun çalışıyorlardı.)

He had been studying English for two hours when I went to see him.

( Ben onu görmeye gittiğimde, iki saattir İngilizce çalışıyordu.)

3-2 Past Perfect Continuous Tense ile Past Continuous Tense arasındaki ayrıma dikkat ediniz.

1) When I went home, he was studying. (Ben eve gittiğimde o ders çalışıyordu.) (Past Cont.)

2) When I went home, he had been studying for two hours. (Ben eve gittiğimde o iki saattir ders çalışıyordu.) (Past Perfect Cont.)

Birinci cümledeki ” was studying “, sadece “Den gittiğim anda ne yapıyordu?” sorusuna yanıt olabilir. İkinci cümledeki ” had been studying ” ise, “Ben gittiğimde yapmakta olduğu işi ne zamandır yapıyordu?” sorusunu yanıtlar.

The other members were discussing the agenda when I got to the meeting.

The other members had been discussing the agenda for the last half hour when I got to the meeting.

They were staying at a hotel near the sea when I met them in Bodrum.

They had been staying at a hotel for five days when I met them in Bodrum.

NOTE: “Since”, Perfect Tense’lere özgü bir zarftır. Ancak, “for”, diğer tense’lerle de kullanılır.

I’m going to Ankara for two weeks. (Şimdiki zamanın Gelecek zaman anlamıyla kullanımı) İki haftalığına Ankara’ya gidiyorum.

I have worked for this company for seven years. (Present Perfect) Yedi yıldır bu şirkette çalışıyorum.

I have been living here for eight years. (Present Perfect Continuous) Sekiz yıldır burada yaşıyorum.

When I resigned from my work, I had worked there for ten years. (Past Perfect.) İşimden istifa ettiğimde, on yıldır orada çalışıyordum.

When the guests arrived, I had been working in the kitchen for three hours. (Past Perfect C.) Konuklar geldiğinde, üç saattir mutfakta çalışıyordum.

Last year, I stayed in İzmir for a month. (Simple Past) Geçen yıl bir ay İzmir’de kaldım.

Özellikle bağlaçlı cümlelerde “for” un bu kullanımlarına çok dikkat ediniz. Şimdi şu iki cümle arasındaki farkı inceliydim:

1) When I graduated, I lived in İzmir for five years. (Mezun olunca beş yıl İzmir’de oturdum.)

2) When I graduated, I had been living in İzmir for five years. (Mezun olduğumda beş yıldır İzmir’de oturuyordum.)

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 2001

past now future

I lived

I graduated

I left İzmir

When I graduated in 1986, I lived in İzmir for five years.

(First, I graduated. Then 1 lived in İzmir.)

(Mezun olduktan sonraki beş yılı ifade ediyor.)

1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 2001

past now future

(had been living)

I started to live

in İzmir I graduated

When I graduated in 1986, I had been living in İzmir for five years. (First I lived in İzmir. Then I graduated.) (Mezuniyetten önceki beş yılı ifade ediyor.)

4- FUTURE TIME ( will/shall or be going to )

4-1 FORM

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I will help you.

I am going to help you.

You will come early.

You are going to come early.

He/She/It will eat lunch.

He/She/It is going to eat lunch.

We will work.

We are going to work.

You will leave early.

You are going to leave early.

They will visit us.

They are going to visit us.

I will not help you. I am not going to help you. You will not come early. You are not going to come early. He/She/It will not eat lunch. He/She/It is not going to eat lunch. We will not work. We are not going to work. You will not leave early. You are not going to leave early. They will not visit us. They are not going to visit, us. Will I help you? Am I going to help you? Will you come early? Are you going to come early? Will he/she/it eat lunch? Is he/she/it going to eat lunch? Will we work? Are we going to work? Will you leave early? Are you going to leave early? Will they visit us? Are they going to visit us?

Birinci tekil şahıs ” I ” ve birinci çoğul şahıs “we” için, “will” yerine “shall” de kullanılır.

We will/shall invite them to the party.

I will/shall help you with your homework.

“will not” ve “shall not” kısaltılarak “won’t” ve “shan’t” biçiminde kullanılır.

They will not/won’t come tomorrow.

We shall not/shan’t go to the party.

“will” ve “shall” kısaltılarak ” ’ll ” biçiminde kullanılır.

They’ll visit us next week. / I’ll eat dinner out tonight.

4-2 USE OF THE FUTURE TENSES

a) Eğer geleceğe yönelik bir tahminde bulunuyorsak (prediction), “will” yada “be going to” kullanabiliriz.

There will / is going to be a rise in prices after the elections.

According to the weather report, it will / is going to snow tomorrow.

b) Önceden tasarlanmış, planlanmış bir durumdan söz ediyorsak ( prior plan ), “be going to” kullanmamız gerekir.

Why have you bought this material?

I’m going to make a skirt for myself.

c) Henüz öğrendiğimiz bir konuda yapmaya istekli olduğumuz bir durumu (willingness), “will” ile ifade ederiz.

I don’t have any money.

Don’t worry. I’ll lend you some. (Üzülme. Ben sana veririm.)

Some guests are corning in two hours, and nothing is ready yet.

Don’t worry. I’ll wash the dishes and you can do the cooking. (Ben bulaşıkları yıkarım, sen yemeği pişirirsin.)

I have a headache.

Wait here. I’ll bring a tablet for you. (Bekle sana bir hap getireyim.)

“will” in bu kullanımının Türkçe’ye çevirisine dikkat ediniz. Örneklerde de gördüğünüz gibi “will wash, will lend, will bring” ifadelerini “yıkayacağım, ödünç vereceğim, getireceğim” biçiminde değil, “yıkarım, ödünç veririm. getireyim” biçiminde çevirdik.

d) Eğer bir olayın olacağına ilişkin belirliler varsa, “going to” kullanılır.

The sky is black. It is going to rain.

There is a lot of blossom on the trees this spring. We are going to have a good crop.

e) Bu tense’lerle yaygın olarak kullanılan zaman zarfları, tomorrow, next week, next month, next summer, in two days (iki gün sonra), in ten minutes (on dakika sonra), two days from now (iki gün sonra), five years from now (beş yıl sonra), soon ( az sonra, yakında) gibi zarflardır.

We will take an exam next week.

Tomorrow is a public holiday, so she won’t go to work.

She will graduate in three years.

Two months from now, they will move into a new flat.

Ancak, içinde bulunduğumuz ana göre gelecek zaman ifade eden pek çok zarf, bu tense’lerle kullanılır.

(In the morning)

I’m going to do some shopping today. Do you need anything special?

I’m not going to have breakfast this morning.

f) “am, is, are going to” nun past biçimi olarak “was, were; going to” kullanılır. Bu tense ile, geçmişte niyet ettiğimiz, planladığımız, ama çeşitli nedenlerle yapamadığımız eylemleri anlatırız.

I was going to visit my parents last night, but just as 1 was leaving home, some guests arrived, so I couldn’t. (Dün akşam ailemi ziyaret edecektim ama ………..)

We were going to have a test yesterday, but we couldn’t finish the unit, so we postponed the exam until next week. (Dün sınav olacaktık ama ………..)

4-3 FUTURE TENSE in TIME CLAUSES

“When, after, before, as soon as, etc.” gibi zaman bağlaçlarının Past Tense ile kullanımını daha önce görmüştük. Şimdi bu bağlaçların Future Tense ile kullanımlarım inceliyelim.

First : I will do some shopping tomorrow. Then : I will go to the cinema.

After I do some shopping tomorrow. I will go to the cinema.

First : She will talk to the teacher.

Then : She will leave school.

Before she leaves school tomorrow, she will talk to the teacher.

Yukarıdaki örneklerde gördüğünüz gibi, her iki eylem de gelecekte olmasına rağmen, yan cümlede “will” ya da “going to” kullanılmaz. Yan cümlede Simple Present Tense, temel cümlede ise “will” ya da “going to” kullanılır.

When she comes home, we will study together.

I will wait at home until my mother comes back from shopping.

We will leave home as soon as we finish our work.

I will decide what to do after I receive their letter.

She is going to phone us before she comes here.

Eğer, gelecekte bir eylemi tamamladıktan sonra diğerini yapacağımızı vurgulamak istiyorsak yan cümlede Simple Present yerine Present Perfect kullanabiliriz.

After I finish/have finished my work, I will go out.

She will leave İstanbul when she graduates/has graduated from school.

Will you wait for me until I complete/have completed my work?

Before

After

As soon as + Simple Present , will or going to

When

Until, etc.

After

Before

As soon as + Present Perfect , “will or going to

Until

When

“While” da gelecek zaman yapılarıyla kullanılan bir bağlaçtır.

I’ll take my son to the park tomorrow. I’ll read my book while he is playing with his friends.

Will you take care of my flowers while I’m on holiday?

I’ll wait for you outside the office while you are having your job interview.

5- THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

5-1 FORM

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I will be studying.

You will be working.

He/She/It will be eating.

We will be talking.

You will be sleeping.

They will be shopping.

I won’t be studying. You won’t be working. He/She/It won’t be eating. We won’t be talking. You won’t be sleeping. They won’t be shopping. Will 1 be studying? Will you be working? Will he/she/it be eating? Will we be talking? Will you be sleeping? Will they be shopping?

5-2 USE OF THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

a) Bu tense’i, gelecekte bir noktada yapıyor olacağımız eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanırız.

Don’t call me tomorrow between ten and eleven I’ll be having an interview then.

This time next year, you’ll probably be attending university.

My plane departs at nine tomorrow, so I’ll be flying to New York at this hour tomorrow.

b) Bu tense’i birinden bir şey rica ederken de kullanabiliriz.

“Will you be going past the post office when you go out?”

‘Yes. Why?”

“If so, can you post this letter for me?”

“Will you be using your bike tomorrow?”

“No, I don’t think so.”

“If not, can you lend it to me for the afternoon?”

6- THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

6-1 FORM

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I will have finished.

You will have left home.

He/She/It will have eaten.

We will have left work.

You will have bought it.

They will have gone out. I won’t have finished. You won’t have left home. He/She/It won’t have eaten. We won’t have left work. You won’t have bought it. They won’t have gone out. Will I have finished? Will you have left home? Will he/she/it have eaten? Will we have left work? Will you have bought it.? Will they have gone out?

Gelecekte bir noktada yapmış, tamamlamış olacağımız eylemleri bu tense ile ifade ederiz. By, before, in a week (or in a week’s time), in ten days (or in ten days’ time), in three years (or in three years’ time) gibi zarflar, bu tense ile çok sık kullanılan zarflardır.

She will have graduated from university in two years.

She promises that she will have finished her report by tomorrow.

They will have completed the new school building by next year.

6-2 “By the time”, “when” ve “before”, bu tense ile sık kullanılan zaman bağlaçlarıdır.

I will have finished my homework by the time mother comes back.

Before this term is finished, you will have learnt most of the English grammar.

The children will have gone to bed when the guests arrive.

| X X

past now future

We will eat

He will come

We will already have eaten dinner when he comes.

O geldiğinde biz yemeğimizi yemiş olacağız.

*** “by” ile “by the time” arasındaki farka dikkat ediniz. “By” bir preposition olduğu için kendinden sonra bir isim gelir, (by two o’clock, by next month, by tomorrow, by then, etc.) “By the time” ise bir bağlaçtır. Kendinden sonra bir cümle gelir.

l will have finished my work by 5 o’clock.

I will have finished my work by the time you come back.

I’ll call you at 2.00. I hope you’ll have finished your work by then.

I’ll call you at 2.00. I hope you’ll have finished your work by the time I call you.

7- THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

7-1 FORM

7-2 USE OF THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Affirmative : Subject + will have been doing

Negative : Subject + will not have been doing

Interrogative : Subject + subject + have been doing?

Gelecekte bir işi ne kadar zamandır yapıyor olacağımızı bu tense ile ifade ederiz. Yani gelecekte süreç bildiririz.

By next year, I will have been teaching English for nine years. Tomorrow, I will start work at 9 and finish at 12, so I will have been working for three hours by the time my last lesson is over.

| X X

past now future

will have been studying

She will start

to study at 2.00.

Her mother will

come home at 5.00.

By the time her mother comes home at 5 o’clock, she will have been studying for three hours.

She started to work for us last year. Now, she has been working for us for a year. By next year, she will have been working for us for two years.

The meeting will start at ten and I will arrive there at eleven. By the time I arrive there, the meeting will have been going on for an hour.

By the next elections, this government will have been governing the country for four years.

Bu lense ile kullanacağımız fiilleri seçerken dikkatli olmamız gerekir. Ancak work, write, travel, watch, listen, go on, study gibi sürerlik bildiren fiilleri bu tense ile kullanabiliriz. Finish, complete, arrive gibi bir anda olup biten eylemleri kullanamayız.

“By 9 o’clock tomorrow, I’ll have been arriving in Ankara for six hours.” ifadesi yanlış bir ifade olur. Çünkü insan.altı saattir bir yere varıyor olamaz. Bu cümleyi ancak şöyle doğru olarak ifade edebiliriz:

By 9 o’clock tomorrow, I’ll have arrived in Ankara. (…. varmış olacağım.)

By the time I arrive in Ankara, I’ll have been travelling for six hours. (…………… allı saattir yolculuk yapıyor olacağını.)

*** “By the time” yapısıyla “be” fiilinin kullanımına dikkat ediniz. Normalde “by the time”, temci cümlede Future Perfect gerektirir.

By the time they come, I will have eaten my dinner.

Ancak “be” fiilini, eğer süreç bildirmiyorsa, Simple Future (will be) ile kullanırız.

By the time they come, dinner will be over.

By the time he retires from his job, he will be sixty.

By the time we come bark from holiday, they will be married.

Eğer “be” fiilini, süreç bildiren bir ifadeyle birlikte kullanırsak, Future Perfect gerektirir.

By the time he retires from his job, he will have been in this city for twenty years.

By the time we come back from holiday, they will have been married for two months.

8- TENSE AGREEMENT in TIME CLAUSES

Zaman bağlaçları temel cümle ile yan cümle arasında “tense” uyuşması gerektirir.

PAST TIME:

“When I got home, …………………….” cümlesini tamamlarken getireceğimiz yapılar mutlaka Past Time’ a ait bir tense olmalıdır.

When I got home, I had a bath and then ate my dinner.

I slept for three hours and then studied until midnight.

my son was sleeping.

my parents had eaten their dinner.

my son had been sleeping for two hours.

PRESENT TIME:

“When I get home after work, ………………… ” ifadesini, eğer genelde yaptığımız bir işi

anlatmak üzere kullanıyorsak, Present Time’a ait bir yapı ile tamamlayabiliriz.

When I get home after work, I usually take a rest for a while.

first of all, I play with my son for a while.

FUTURE TIME:

“When I get home after work tomorrow, ………………….” ifadesi ise lemel cümlede

mutlaka Future bir yapı gerektirmektedir. (Yan cümlede Future tense kullanılmamasına dikkat ediniz.)

When I get home after work tomorrow. I will take a rest for a while.

my son will be sleeping.

my son will have been sleeping for two hours, our guests will have arrived.

I am going to sleep for two hours.