10. sınıf ingilizce reported speech slayt indir
Grammar Focus: Reported Speech (Dolaylı Anlatım) – Part 2
Part 1’de Dolaylı Anlatıma giriş yapmıştık. Şimdi sunumun sonunda listelenen 7 ana başlığı detaylıca inceleyelim.
1. Reporting Statements (Düz Cümlelerin Aktarımı)
• Düz cümleleri aktarırken say veya tell fiilleri kullanılır.
• tell fiilinden sonra mutlaka bir nesne (kime söylendiği) gelmelidir. (He told me that…)
• say fiilinden sonra nesne gelmez. (He said that…)
• Tense Changes (Zaman Değişimleri): Eğer aktaran kişi (reporting verb) geçmiş zamanda ise (said, told), aktarılan cümlenin zamanı genellikle bir derece geçmişe kayar (Backshift).
• Direct: “I am tired,” he said.
• Indirect: He said (that) he was tired.
• Direct: “I lost my pen,” she said.
• Indirect: She said (that) she had lost her pen.
• Direct: “I will call you,” he said.
• Indirect: He said (that) he would call me.
• Zaman ve Yer Zarflarındaki Değişimler:
- now ➔ then
- today ➔ that day
- yesterday ➔ the day before
- tomorrow ➔ the next day / the following day
- here ➔ there
- this ➔ that
- these ➔ those
2. Reporting Commands, Advice and Requests (Emir, Tavsiye ve Rica)
• Emir, tavsiye ve ricaları aktarırken tell, ask, advise, warn, beg, order gibi fiiller kullanılır.
• Yapı: Reporting Verb + Object + to + Verb (infinitive)
• Direct: “Open the door!” he said to me. (Command)
• Indirect: He told me to open the door.
• Direct: “Please help me,” she said to him. (Request)
• Indirect: She asked him to help her.
• Direct: “You should see a doctor,” the doctor said to me. (Advice)
• Indirect: The doctor advised me to see a doctor.
• Olumsuz Emirler: not to + Verb
• Direct: “Don’t touch the stove!” she said to the child.
• Indirect: She told the child not to touch the stove.
3. Reporting Suggestions (Önerilerin Aktarımı)
• Önerileri aktarırken suggest, recommend, propose fiilleri kullanılır.
• Yapı: Suggest + Verb-ing veya Suggest + that + Subject + should + Verb
• Direct: “Let’s go to the cinema,” he said.
• Indirect: He suggested going to the cinema. (veya: He suggested that we should go to the cinema.)
• Direct: “Why don’t you take a break?” she said.
• Indirect: She suggested taking a break. (veya: She suggested that I should take a break.)
4. Reporting Modal Verbs (Yardımcı Fiillerin Aktarımı)
• Modal fiiller aktarılırken genellikle geçmiş hallerine dönüşürler.
- can ➔ could
- will ➔ would
- may ➔ might
- must ➔ had to (veya must – zorunluluk dışındaysa)
- shall ➔ should / would
• Direct: “I can swim,” he said.
• Indirect: He said he could swim.
• Direct: “You must study harder,” the teacher said.
• Indirect: The teacher said we had to study harder.
5. Reporting Exclamations (Ünlemlerin Aktarımı)
• Ünlem cümlelerini aktarırken exclaim, cry out, shout gibi fiiller kullanılır.
• What a…! ve How…! yapıları düz cümleye çevrilir.
• Direct: “What a beautiful day!” she said.
• Indirect: She exclaimed that it was a beautiful day.
• Direct: “How clever you are!” he said.
• Indirect: He exclaimed that she was very clever.
6. Reporting Questions (Soruların Aktarımı)
• Soruları aktarırken ask, wonder, want to know fiilleri kullanılır.
• Soru işareti kaldırılır ve cümle düz cümle yapısına (Subject + Verb) dönüşür.
• Yardımcı fiil (do, does, did) kullanılmaz.
• Yes/No Questions: if veya whether kullanılır.
• Direct: “Do you like tea?” he asked.
• Indirect: He asked if I liked tea.
• Wh- Questions: Wh- kelimesi cümlenin başına geçer, ardından düz cümle yapısı gelir.
• Direct: “Where do you live?” she asked.
• Indirect: She asked where I lived.
• Direct: “What are you doing?” he asked me.
• Indirect: He asked me what I was doing.
7. Reporting Mixed Types (Karma Yapılar)
• Bazen bir konuşmada hem düz cümle hem soru hem de emir olabilir. Bunları aktarırken her birini kendi kuralına göre aktarırız.
• Direct: “I am going to the store. Do you want anything? Don’t forget to lock the door.”
• Indirect: He said that he was going to the store. He asked if I wanted anything. He told me not to forget to lock the door.
Common Mistakes (Sık Yapılan Hatalar)
• ❌ He said me that he was tired.
✅ He told me that he was tired. (veya: He said that he was tired.) – Say fiili nesne almaz, tell alır.
• ❌ She asked me where did I live.
✅ She asked me where I lived. (Soru aktarımında düz cümle yapısı kullanılır.)
• ❌ He told to me to open the door.
✅ He told me to open the door. (Tell + object + to V)
• ❌ She suggested to go to the cinema.
✅ She suggested going to the cinema. (Suggest + V-ing)
• ❌ He said that he has lost his pen.
✅ He said that he had lost his pen. (Tense backshift kuralı)
Practice: Fill in the Blanks
Aşağıdaki cümleleri dolaylı anlatıma çeviriniz:
- “I am very busy,” she said.
She said that she ________ very busy. - “Close the window!” the teacher said to us.
The teacher told us ________ the window. - “Do you like coffee?” he asked me.
He asked me ________ I liked coffee. - “Let’s watch a movie,” she said.
She suggested ________ a movie. - “Where is the station?” the tourist asked.
The tourist asked where the station ________. - “Don’t be late!” my mother said.
My mother warned me ________ be late. - “I can’t speak French,” he said.
He said that he ________ speak French. - “What a wonderful surprise!” she said.
She exclaimed that ________ a wonderful surprise.
Answer Key
- was
- to close
- if / whether
- watching
- was
- not to
- couldn’t
- it was
Summary
• Statements: say/tell + that + tense backshift (I am ➔ he was)
• Commands/Requests: tell/ask + object + to + V1 (Open the door ➔ He told me to open the door)
• Suggestions: suggest + V-ing (Let’s go ➔ He suggested going)
• Modals: can ➔ could, will ➔ would, must ➔ had to
• Exclamations: exclaim + that + düz cümle (What a day! ➔ She exclaimed that it was a beautiful day)
• Questions: ask + if/whether (Yes/No) veya ask + wh- + düz cümle (Where do you live? ➔ He asked where I lived)
• Mixed Types: Her cümleyi kendi kuralına göre aktar.
Mini Quiz
Choose the correct option:
- “I will help you,” he said. ➔ He said he will / would help me.
- “Don’t shout!” she said to him. ➔ She told him to not / not to shout.
- “Do you play tennis?” she asked. ➔ She asked if / that I played tennis.
- “Let’s eat pizza,” he said. ➔ He suggested to eat / eating pizza.
- “Where is my book?” he asked. ➔ He asked where was his book / his book was.
Answers: 1. would 2. not to 3. if 4. eating 5. his book was