INTRODUCTION
Relative clause, bir ismi tanımlayan cümledir. Ancak tek basma kullanılamaz. Bir temel cümleye bağlı olarak tanımladığı isimden sonra gelir. Bir ismi tanımladığı için relative clause “adjective clause” biçiminde de isimlendirilebilir.
Sıfat tanımladığı isimden önce gelir. Relative clause ise tanımladığı isimden sonra gelir.
The student who is the beştin the classroom is Ayşe. (relative clause)
The best student in the classroom is Ayşe. (adjective)
The money which was stolen from the bank hasn’t been found yet.
(relative clause)
The stolen money hasn’t been found yet. (adjective)
Relative clause, tanımlayan (defining) ve tanımlamayan (non-defining} biçiminde ikiye ayrılır.
Defining relative clause, bir ismi tanımlayarak diğerlerinden ayırt etmemizi sağlar. “The man” dediğimiz zaman karşımızdaki kişi hangi adamdan söz ettiğimizi anlayamaz. Ancak, “the man who is standing at the corner” (köşede duran adam) ifadesinde “the man” artık belli bir kişidurumuna geçmiştir.
Non-deflnlng relative clause, zaten tanımlanmış bir isimden sonra gelir. “My father” dediğimiz zaman, karşımızdaki kişi kimden söz edeceğimizi zaten anlamış durumdadır. Eğer biz bu ismi bir daha tanımlıyorsak bu non-defining relative clause’dur. Yani o isim hakkında fazladan bilgi veren bir cümleciktir: “my father, who lives in Germany,..” (Almanya’da oturan babam,…)
The man who will come to see you tomorrow wants to do business with you.
(Defining)
(Yarın seni görmeye gelecek olan adam seninle iş yapmak istiyor.)
Mr. Jones, who will come to see you tomorrow, wants to do business with you.
(Non-defining)
(Yarın seni görmeye gelecek olan Mr. Jones seninle iş yapmak istiyor.)
DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
RELATIVE PRONOUNS AS SUBJECT OF THE CLAUSE
Tanımlayacağımız isim, tanımlayan cümlede özne durumundaysa, onun yerine kullanabileceğimiz sözcükler who, that ve whlch’dir. Who, sadece insanlar için, which bütün cansız varlıklar ve hayvanlar için, that ise hepsi için kullanılabilir.
I congratulated the student. She got the highest mark.
I congratulated the student who got the highest mark.
that got the highest mark.
Can you repair the chair? It is in the study room.
Can you repair the chair which is in the study room?
that is in the study room?
“Crowd, audience, class” gibi grup isimleri, insanlardan oluşmalarına rağmen, eğer kurumukastediyorsak, tekil bir fiille that ya da which kullanmayı gerektirir. Ancak bu kurumu oluşturan bireyleri kastediyorsak, çoğul bir fiille who kullanılır ki bu kullanım defining relative clause için pek yaygın değildir.
A staff is inevitably inefficient. It is not well-trained.
A staff which/that is not well-trained is inevitably inefficient.
The staff are calling for a strike. They are dissatisfied with their conditions.
The staff, who are dissatisfied with their conditions, are calling for a strike.
Relative clause tanımladığı isimden sonra gelir. Bu nedenle, tanımlayacağımız isim temel cümlenin öznesi ise, relative clause özne ile yüklemin arasında yer alır.
The student is happy. She got the highest mark on the test.
The student who got the highest mark on the test is happy.
that got the highest mark on the test
The chair is broken. It is in the study room.
The chair which Is in the study room is broken.
that is in the study room
Bazen tanımladığımız isme ait başka sözcükler olabilir. Bu durumda relative clause, bu sözcüklerden sonra gelir.
There is someone at the door. He wants to see you. There is someone at the door who wants to see you. (Kapıda sizinle görüşmek isteyen biri var.)
Who, that ve which’den sonra gelen fiilin tekil ya da çoğul olması tanımladığı isme bağlıdır.
Eğer isim tekil ya da sayılamaz ise tekil bir fiil; çoğul bir isim ise çoğul bir fiil kullanılır.
The person who lives next door is an engineer.
The people who live next door are very friendly.
The plate which is on the counter is dirty. The
plates which are on the counter are dirty. The
milk which is in the bottle is for the baby.
Relative clause ile temel cümlenin tense’i farklı zamanlara ait olabilir.
The man who was run over by a truck yesterday is in the intensive care unit now. I don’t think the chair which was broken yesterday can be repaired.
Ancak, bazı durumlarda, tense uyuşması gerekebilir. Örneğin “7 congratulated the student…. “
ifadesini “who gets the highest mark’ biçiminde tamamlayanlayız. Çünkü “kutladım” diyebilmemiz için tanımladığımız ismin bir şey yapmış olması gerekir. Yani o da past ttaıe’a aittir.
I congratulated the student who got the highest mark.
I helped the woman who had difficulty carrying the heavy shopping bags.
They will give a prize to the person who wins the competition.
They gave a prize to the person who won the competition.
8-3 RELATIVE PRONOUNS AS THE OBJECT OF A VERB
Tanımlayacağımız isim, tanımlayan cümlede nesne durumunda ise insanlar için who, whom, that; cansız varlıklar, hayvanlar ve grup isimleri için which, that kullandır.
The applicant is suitable for the job. We interviewed her yesterday.
The applicant who we interviewed yesterday is suitable for the job.
whom we interviewed yesterday is suitable for the job.
that we Interviewed yesterday is suitable for the job.
The book is very interesting. I bought it last week.
The book which I bought last week is very interesting.
that I bought last week is very interesting.
Tanımlayacağımız isim, tanımlayan cümlede nesne durumunda ise, bir relative pronoun (who, whom, that, which) kullanmadan da aynı anlamı verebiliriz.
The applicant we interviewed yesterday is suitable for the job.
The book I bought last week is very interesting.
The man was a sales representative. We met him yesterday.
The man who we met yesterday was a sales representative. whom we met yesterday was a sales representative. that we met yesterday was a sales representative. 0 we met yesterday was a sales representative.
The flat should have at least three rooms. I’ll rent it.
The flat that 111 rent should have at least three rooms.
which Fil rent should have at least three rooms.
0 111 rent should have at least three rooms.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS AS THE OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION
Tanımlayacağımız isim, tanımlayan cümlede bir preposition’ın nesnesi durumunda ise, bu preposition relative clause’da da kullanılır.
The man wasn’t satisfied with the deal. I bought this car from him.
The man who I bought this car from wasn’t satisfied with the deal. whom I bought this car from wasn’t satisfied with the deal. that I bought this car from wasn’t satisfied with the deal. 0I bought this car from wasn’t satisfied with the deal.
The case is very important. I have told you about it.
The case which I told you about is very important. that I told you about is very important. 0
- told you about is very important.
Tanımladığımız isme ait preposition’ı, relative sözcüğünden önce kullanırsak, insanlar için sadece “whom”, nesneler için ise sadece “which” kullanılır.
The man from whom I bought this car wasn’t satisfied with the deal.
The case about which I told you is very important.
The girl is very messy. I’m sharing the flat with her.
The girl who I’m sharing the Uat with is very messy.
whom I’m sharing the Uat with is very messy.
that I’m sharing the Uat with is very messy.
- I’m sharing the Uat with is very messy.The girl with whom I’m sharing the Uat is very messy.
The chair doesn’t look safe. You are sitting on It.
The chair which you are sitting on doesn’t look safe. that you are sitting on doesn’t look safe.0 you are sitting on doesn’t look safe.
The chair on which you are sitting doesn’t look safe.
8-5 USING ‘WHOSE” AND ‘OF WHICH”
Tanımladığımız isim, tanımlayan cümlede iyelik bildiriyorsa, hem insanlar hem de nesneler için “whose” kullanılır.
Do you know the man? His car was stolen.
Do you know the man whose car was stolen?
The man is our next-door neighbour. I want to buy his car.
The man whose car I want to buy is our next-door neighbour.
Can you repair the chair? Its legs are broken.
| Can you repair the chair whose legs are broken? |
| The book was my friend’s. I accidentally tore its cover. The |
| book whose cover I accidentally tore was my friend’s. |
Nesneler için “whose” yerine “of which” de kullanabiliriz. Ancak “of which” in defining relative c7ause’larda kullanımı çok enderdir. Daha çok non-defining relative cjause’larda kullanılır.
This is the machine. I described its properties. .
This is the machine whose properties I described. This is the machine the properties of which I described.
Eğer tanımladığımız iyelik bildiren ismin kendine ait bir preposition’ı varsa, bu preposition’ı relative clause’un sonunda veya “whose” un önünde kullanabiliriz.
This is the man. Jake is going out with his daughter.
This is the man whose daughter Jake is going out with, with whose daughter Jake is going out.
Do you remember the man? I told you about his love affairs. Do you remember the man whose love affairs I told you about?
about whose love affairs I told you?
“Of which” li yapıda preposition, “of un önündeki isimden önce yer alır.
The mountain is a part of the Bozdağ mountain range. You can see snow on Its top. The mountain on the top of which/on whose top you can see snow is a part of
.•’••.: – the Bozdağ mountain range.
8-6 USING’WHERE”
Tanımladığımız isim, tanımlayan cümlede yer bildiriyorsa (dolaylı tümleç ise) relative sözcüğü olarak “where” kullanabiliriz.
l liked the seaside resort. We spent our holiday there (in that resort) last summer.
I liked the seaside resort where we spent our holiday last summer.
Don’t clean the room. My son is studying in that room.
Don’t clean the room where my son is studying.
Yer bildiren bir ismi tanımlarken which ve that kullanabiliriz ya da hiçbir relative sözcüğü kullanmadan, relative clause getirebiliriz. Ancak, which ve that kullandığımızda ya da boş bıraktığımızda, o isme ait preposition’ı mutlaka kullanmak zorundayız.
I liked the seaside resort which we spent our holiday in last summer. that we spent our holiday In last summer. 0we spent our holiday In last summer. in which we spent our holiday last summer.
Don’t clean the room which my son is studying in.
that my son is studying in.
- my son is studying in. in which my son is studying.
This is the restaurant. I usually eat lunch there (at this restaurant.)
This is the restaurant which 1 usually eat lunch at.
that I usually eat lunchat. 0
I usually eat lunch at. at
which I usually eat lunch.
This is the restaurant where I usually eat lunch.
Bir yer ismi, tanımlayan cümlede özne ya da nesne durumundaysa, onu tanımlarken “where” kullanamayız. “Where” kullanabilmemiz için o ismin, “at the cinema, on the table, in the country, etc.” gibi yer belirtmesi gerekir.
| I like the house. It has a large garden. (It – subject) | |
| I like the house which has a large garden. | |
| that has a large garden. | |
| I liked the house. We saw it yesterday, (it – object) | |
| , | I liked the house which we saw yesterday. |
| that we saw yesterday. | |
| . | 0 we saw yesterday. |
| I like the house. I was born there, (in that house – adverb of place) | |
| I like the house where I was born. | |
| which I was born in. | |
| that 1 was born in. | |
| 0 I was born in. | |
| in which I was born. |
USING “WHEN”
Tanımladığımız isim, tanımlayan cümlede “on that day, in that year, at that hour, etc.” biçiminde bir zaman belirtiyorsa, when, which, that kullanabilir ya da bir relative sözcüğü kullanmadan relative clause getirebiliriz. Bunlardan sadece which, preposition kullanmayı gerektirir. Preposition whlch’in önünde kullanılır: on which, at which, etc.
1923 is the year. The Republic of Turkey was founded then, (in that year]
1923 is the year when the Republic of Turkey was founded. that the Republic of Turkey was founded. 0 the Republic of Turkey was founded. In which the Republic of Turkey was founded.
(1923, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin kurulduğu yıldır.)
Saturday is the day. We usually go shopping then, (on that day)
Saturday is the day when we usually go shopping. that we usually go shopping. 0 we usually go shopping. on which we usually go shopping.
8-8 USING “WHY”
“Reason” sözcüğünden sonra neden ifade eden bir cümle getiriyorsak, why, that ya da for which kullanabiliriz. Ya da hiçbirini kullanmadan direk relative clause getirebiliriz.
| • | The reason why we are holding this meeting is to seek solutions to our problems. |
| that we are holding this meeting | |
| 0 we are holding this meeting for | |
| which we are holding this meeting |
Reason, explanation gibi sözcükleri, “… ileri sürdüğü neden, … yaptığı açıklama” gibi ifadeleriçin kullanıyorsak, “why” kullanamayız. Bu anlamda onlan diğer cansız varlıklar gibi düşünüp which, that kullanabilir ya da her ikisini de kaldırabiliriz.
The reason that he gave us for the delay frustrated us all. which he gave us for the delay 0 he gave usfor the delay
The explanations that the teacher made on the subject confused us. which the teacher made on the subject 0 theteacher made on the subject
8-9 USING RELATIVE CLAUSES TO MODIFY PRONOUNS
Bir relative clause everybody, someone, anybody, etc. gibi belgisiz zamirleri tanımlayabilir. Eğer tanımladığımız zamir, tanımlayan cümlede özne durumundaysa who ya da that kullanılır. Nesne durumundaysa, who, whom ya da that kullanabiliriz, ama genellikle relative sözcüğü kullanılmaz.
Everybody who came to the party was elegantly dressed.
that came to the party
Everybody whom I met said that he was dishonest.
who I met that I met 0 I met
There is someone whom I want you to meet.
who I want you to meet.
that 1want you to meet.
0 I want you to meet.
Anything, something, nothing gibi sözcükleri tanımlarkenwhichçok ender kullanılır. Onunyerine that tercih edilir. Eğer tanımlanan sözcük nesne durumundaysa relative sözcüğü kullanmamak daha yaygındır.
Everything that was said at the debate was true.
Everything that he said at the debate was true. 0
he said at the debate was true.
Anything that has been found can be helpful to prove his innocence.
Anything that you have found can be helpful to prove his innocence. 0 you have found can be helpful to prove his innocence.
Those sözcüğünü tanımlarken insanlar için daha çok who, nesneler için ise which kullanılır,ancak her ikisi için that de kullanabiliriz.
Only the people who/that are members can enter the club.
Only those who/that are members can enter the club.
Bu iki cümlenin Türkçe’ye çevirisine dikkat ediniz. Birinci cümleyi “Kulübe, sadece üye olan kişiler girebilir.” ; ikinci cümleyi ise “Kulübe, sadece üye olanlar girebilir.” biçimindeçevirebiliriz.
The students who/that want to come on the picnic should inform me well in advance.
Those who/that want to come on the picnic should inform me well in advance.
(Pikniğe gelmek isteyen öğrenciler …….. , Pikniğe gelmek isteyenler. …. )
- Shall I bring all the books?
- No, I need only those which/that are on the top shelf.
8-10 NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
Zaten tanımlanmış, bilinen bir ismi niteleyen cümleye non-defining relative clause denir. Bu isimleri şu şekilde gruplandırabiliriz.
- Proper nouns (özel isimlet)
The person who lives above us is an engineer, (defining) Mr.
Smith, who lives above us, is an engineer, (non-defining)
A country which Is by the sea is usually a tourist attraction, (defining) Turkey, which Is surrounded by the sea on three sides, is of strategic importance, (non-defining)
- Nouns with preceding modifiers (Başka niteleme sözcükleriyle tanımlanmış isimler)
A mother who Is very permissive with her children doesn’t necessarily make her a good mother, (defining)
My mother, who lives In Germany now, was moderately permissive with us.
(non-defining)
Any bus which comes here already full doesn’t stop at this bus -stop, (defining) This bus, which usually comes here already full, goes directly to Kadıköy. (non-defining)
The book which Is on the table belongs to me. (defining)
That green book, which Is on the table, belongs to me. (non-defining)
Bir isim kendinden sonra gelen bazı sözcüklerle de tanımlanmış olabilir.
The man who was working at the shop was friendly, (defining)
The man at the shop, who gave my son a sweet, was friendly, (non-defining)
The table which Is in the kitchen needs repairing, (defining)
The table in the kitchen, which we usually have our breakfast on, needs repairing, (non-defining)
- Coal, rice, milk, flower, etc. gibi isimler genel anlamda kullanıldığı zaman, zatenherkesçe bilinen isimler olduğu için, non-deflnlng relative clause alır.
Flowers, which almost everybody likes, need special care to grow.
(general – non-defining)
The flowers which are sold at that florist’s are usually fresh, (specific – defining)
Milk, which Is essential for people of all ages, should be boiled well.
(general – non-defining)
The milk which we get from that dairy is really delicious, (specific – defining)
Non-defining relative clause ile that hiçbir durumda kullanılmaz. Diğer relative sözcükleri who, whom, which, whose, where ve when kullanılır. Non-defining relative clause, eğer arayagiriyorsa iki virgülle, cümlenin sonunda yer alıyorsa bir virgülle temel cümleden ayrılır.
Mr. Smith, who works at the same company as me, is very fond of children. I can rely on Mr. Smith, who works at the same company as me.
8-11 SUBJECT POSITION
Özne durumunda, insanlar için sadece who, nesneler için sadece which kullanabiliriz.
My father lives in Germany. He is over sixty now. My father, who is over sixty now, lives in Germany.
Our television set has become erratic. It was bought eight years ago. Our television set, which was bought eight years ago, has become erratic.
8-12 OBJECT POSITION
Nesne durumunda, insanlar için who ya da whom, cansız varlıklar ve hayvanlar için which kullanabiliriz. Who, whom ve which sözcüklerini atamayız. Mutlaka kullanmamız gerekir.
My father lives in Germany. You met him yesterday. My father, whom you met yesterday, lives in Germany. , who you met yesterday,
Our television set has become erratic. We bought it eight years ago. Our television set, which we bought eight years ago, has become erratic.
Eğer isim, bir preposition’ın nesnesi durumunda ise, preposition relative clause’un sonunda yer alırsa who ya da whom, başında yer alırsa sadece whom kullanabiliriz. Nesneler için ise yine which kullanılır.
ıvır. Smith is an honest person. I’ve been working with him for five years. Mr.
Smith, whom I’ve been working with for five years, is an honest person.
- who I’ve been working with for five years, is an honest person.
- with whom I’ve been working for five years, is an honest person.
My car is beginning to cause trouble. I had saved up for it for two years. Mycar, which I had saved up for for two years, is beginning to cause trouble. , for which I had saved up for two years,
8-13 POSSESSIVE
Bütün isimler için whose kullanabiliriz. Cansız varlıklar için “of which” de kullanabiliriz, ancak bu kullanım pek yaygın değildir.
My classmate Susan doesn’t want to be a doctor. Her parents are both doctors.
My classmate Susan, whose parents are both doctors, doesn’t want to be a doctor.
Their house cost them too much money. They painted its exterior pink. Theirhouse, whose exterior they painted pink, cost them too much money. , toe exterior of which they painted pink,
Possessive durumdaki isme ait bir preposition varsa, bu preposition’ıwhose’unönünde ya darelative clause’un sonunda kullanabiliriz.
Mr. Clark is leaving hospital. The doctor had some doubts about his recovery. Mr. Clark, whose recovery the doctor had some doubts about is leaving hospital. , about whose recovery the doctor had some doubts,
Uludağ is a famous ski resort. You can always see snowon its top.Uludağ,whose top you can always see snow on, is a famous ski resort.
- on whose top you can always see snow,
- on the top of which you can always see snow,
8-14 ‘WHERE’ IN NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
Yer bildiren sözcükler için, non-defining relative clause’larda da where kullanabiliriz.
Istanbul has many problems to solve. More than ten million people livethere.
(in Istanbul)
Istanbul, where more than ten million people live, has many problems to solve.
- which more than ten million people liveIn,
- in which more than ten million people live,
Eğer bir yer ismi, tanımlayan cümlede özne ya da nesne durumundaysa where kullanamayız.
Sadece which kullanabiliriz.
Salihli is located in the west of Turkey.Itis my hometown. (It –Subject)
Salihli, which is my hometown, is located in the west of Turkey.
Salihli is located in the west of Turkey. I likeitvery much, (it –object)
Salihli, which I like very much, is located in the west of Turkey.
Salihli is located in the west of Turkey. I was bornthere,(inSalihli – adverb of
place)
Salihli, where I was born, is located in the west of Turkey.
- which I was born in,
- in which I was born,
8-11 SUBJECT POSITION
Özne durumunda, insanlar için sadece who, nesneler için sadece which kullanabiliriz.
My father lives in Germany. He is over sixty now. My
father, who is over sixty now, lives in Germany.
Our television set has become erratic. It was bought eight years ago. Our television set, which was bought eight years ago, has become erratic.
8-12 OBJECT POSITION
Nesne durumunda, insanlar için who ya da whom, cansız varlıklar ve hayvanlar için which kullanabiliriz. Who, whom ve which sözcüklerini atamayız. Mutlaka kullanmamız gerekir.
My father lives in Germany. You met him yesterday. My father, whom you met yesterday, lives in Germany. , who you met yesterday,
Our television set has become erratic. We bought it eight years ago. Our television set, which we bought eight years ago, has become erratic.
Eğer isim, bir preposition’ın nesnesi durumunda ise, preposition relative clause’un sonunda yer alırsa who ya da whom, başında yer alırsa sadece whom kullanabiliriz. Nesneler için ise yine which kullanılır.
ıvır. smith is an honest person. I’ve been workingwith him for five years. Mr.
Smith, whom I’ve been working With for five years, is an honest person.
- who I’ve been workingwftfafor five years, is an honest person.
- with whom I’ve been working for five years, is an honest person.
My car is beginning to cause trouble. I had saved up for it for two years. Mycar, which I had saved up for for two years, is beginning to cause trouble. , for which I had saved up for two years,
8-13 POSSESSIVE
Bütün isimler için whose kullanabiliriz. Cansız varlıklar için “of which” de kullanabiliriz, ancak bu kullanım pek yaygın değildir.
My classmate Susan doesn’t want to be a doctor. Her parents are both doctors.
My classmate Susan, whose parents are both doctors, doesn’t want to be a doctor.
Their house cost them too much money. They painted its exterior pink. Theirhouse, whose exterior they painted pink, cost them too much money. , the exterior of which they painted pink,
Possessive durumdaki isme ait bir preposition varsa, bu preposition’ı whose’un önünde ya darelative clause’un sonunda kullanabiliriz.
Mr. Clark is leaving hospital. The doctor had some doubts about his recovery. Mr. Clark, whose recovery the doctor had some doubts about, is leaving hospital. , about whose recovery the doctor had some doubts,
Uludağ is a famous ski resort. You can always see snow on its top. Uludağ,whose top you can always see snow on, is a famous ski resort.
- on whose top you can always see snow,
- on the top of which you can always see snow,
8-14 “WHERE1 IN NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
Yer bildiren sözcükler için, non-defining relative clause’larda da where kullanabiliriz.
Istanbul has many problems to solve. More than ten million people live there.
(in Istanbul}
Istanbul, where more than ten million people live, has many problems to solve.
- which more than ten million people live in,
- in which more than ten million people live,
Eğer bir yer ismi, tanımlayan cümlede özne ya da nesne durumundaysa where kullanamayız.
Sadece which kullanabiliriz.
Salihli is located in the west of Turkey. It is my hometown. (It – Subject)
Salihli, which is my hometown, is located in the west of Turkey.
Salihli is located in the west of Turkey. I like ît very much. (It – object)
Salihli, which I like very much, is located in the west of Turkey.
Salihli is located in the west of Turkey. I was born there, (in Salihli – adverb of
place)
Salihli, where I was born, is located in the west of Turkey.
- which I was born in,
- in which I was born,
8-15 “WHEN” IN NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
Non-defining relative clause’larda, zaman ifade eden sözcükler için when ya da preposition + which kullanabiliriz.
One of the most important dates in Turkish history is 29 October, 1923.
The Republic was founded then, (on that date)
One of the most important dates in Turkish history is 29 October, 1923, when/on which the Republic was founded.
My favourite season is spring. Nature awakens with all its lively colours then, (in spring)
My favourite season is spring, when/in which nature awakens with all its lively colours.
Süreç bildiren bir zaman zarfını tanımlayan relative clause’larda preposition + which time kullanılır. Bu tür cümlelerde preposition + which time yerine when kullanamayız.
The guests arrived at 7 p.m. I had finished all the preparations by then.
The guests arrived at 7 p.m., by which time I had finished all the preparations.
8-16 USING EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY IN RELATIVE CLAUSES
a) One of, all of, most of, none of, etc. gibi ifadeleri, hem insanları hem de nesneleri
tanımlarken kullanabiliriz. Bu ifadeleri relative clause’da insanlar için one of whom,
some of whom, most of whom, etc. biçiminde, nesneler için ise one of which, some of
which, most of which, etc. biçiminde kullanırız. Eğer tanımladığımız isim possessive
durumdaysa, one of whose, some of whose, etc. gibi ifadeler kullanabiliriz.
Sally has two very close Mends. Both of them are interested in music like her.
Sally has two very close friends, both of whom are interested in music like her.
Sally has very nice parents. I like both of them very much.
Sally has very nice parents, both of whom I like very much.
I want to introduce you to my friend Salty. One of her biggest interests is classical music.
I want to introduce you to my friend Sally, one of whose biggest Interests is classical music.
She bought many things at the store. Only a few of them were necessary.
She bought many things at the store, ontya few of which were necessary.
There are many Sims on this week. I’m quite interested in two of them.
There are many films on this week, two of which I’m quite interested in.
I watched a film on TV last night. Some of its scenes were disgusting. I watched a film on TV last night, some of whose scenes were disgusting.
- Some of them, all of us, none of them, etc. gibi miktar/sayı bildiren sözcükler, virgüllecümlenin devamından ayrılarak, relative clause ile aynı anlamı verecek biçimde kullanılabilir. Ancak bu yapılar bir clause değildir, sözcük öbeğidir. Bu nedenle, fiiller (yüklem) yoktur. Bu yapılar da, aynı relative clause’da olduğu gibi, tanımladığı isme açıklık getirir.
The parade was watched by a lot of people, some of whom had their children on their shoulders.
The parade was watched by a lot of people, some of them with their children on their shoulders.
My father gave me a chest full of books, most of which were rather old.
My father gave me a chest full of books, most of them rather old.
I have two antique vases, both of which have been in my family’s possession for over a century.
I have two antique vases, both of them in my family’s possession for over a century.
8-17 USING “WHICH” TO MODIFY A WHOLE SENTENCE
Bazen bir relative clause tek bir sözcüğü değil de bütün bir cümleyi tanımlayabilir. Bu durumda relative sözcüğü olarak sadece which kullanılır. Relative clause temel cümlenin sonuna eklenir ve bir virgülle cümleden ayrılır.
She got a rather low grade on the test. That surprised me. She got a rather low grade on the test, which surprised me. (Testten çok düşük bir not aldı ki bu da beni şaşırttı.)
It’s impossible for us to catch the train. This is too bad. It’s impossible for us to catch the train, which is too bad. (Tirene yetişmemiz imkansız ki bu da çok kötü oldu.)
Bu örneklerde that ve this, birinci cümlenin yerine kullanılmıştır. Birinci cümlenin yerine kullandığımız this ya da that, bazen ikinci cümlenin ortalarında yer alabilir. Bunu relative clause’a çevirirken which virgülden hemen sonra gelmek durumundadır.
They invited me to their wedding. I appreciated that very much. They invited me to their wedding, which I appreciated very much. (Beni düğünlerine davet ettiler ki bu da çok hoşuma gitti.)
Bu yapıyla ifade ettiğimiz cümleleri genellikle başka biçimlerde de ifade edebiliriz.
He helped me. That was kind of him.
He helped me, which was kind of him. (=lt was kind of him to help me.)
They lent me a large sum. That was generous of them. They lent me a large sum, which was generous of them. (=It was generous of them to lend me a large sum.}
8-18 RELATIVE CLAUSE, NOUN CLAUSE OR ADVERBIAL CLAUSE
Relative clause’larda kullandığımız that, which, who, when, where gibi sözcükleri noun clause ve adverb clause ile de kullanabiliriz. Aradaki farkı şu örneklerle inceleyelim.
| I don’t know | the city | where he lives. | |||
| (noun) | (relative clause) | ||||
| I don’t know | where he lives. | ||||
| (verb) | (noun clause) | ||||
Örneklerde de gördüğümüz gibi, relative clause daima bir isimden sonra, noun clause ise bir fiilden sonra gelir. Örnekteki relative clause’u başka biçimlerde de ifade edebiliriz.
| I don’t know the city | where | he lives. | in. | |
| that | he | lives | ||
| which he | lives | in. | ||
- he lives in.
In which he lives.
Noun clause’u bir tek biçimde ifade edebiliriz. I
don’t know where he lives.
Adverbial clause, noun clause ve relative clause arasındaki farklılıklar için aşağıdaki örnekleri inceleyiniz.
| They got married on a day when I was abroad. | V | ||||||||||
| (noun) | (relative clause) | ||||||||||
| (Benim yurt dışında olduğum bir günde evlendiler.) | , | ||||||||||
| They got married when I was abroad. | |||||||||||
| (verb) | (adverbial clause) | ||||||||||
| (Ben yurt dışındayken evlendiler.) | |||||||||||
| I don’t remember when they got married. | .’.,..’ | ||||||||||
| (verb) | (noun clause) | ||||||||||
| (Ne zaman evlendiklerini hatırlamıyorum.) | |||||||||||
| I want to know the students | who/that are coming with us. | ||||||||||
| (noun) | (relative clause) | ||||||||||
| (Bizimle gelecek öğrencileri öğrenmek istiyorum.) | |||||||||||
| I want to know | who are fiş) coming with us. | ••’• | |||||||||
| (verb) | (noun clause) | ||||||||||
(Bizimle kimlerin geleceğini öğrenmek istiyorum.)
What bir isimden sonra gelmez. Genellikle bir fiilden sonra gelir ya da özne durumundaki bir noun clause’un başında bulunur. What, the thing that/the things that anlamındadır. (Burada that yerine which de kullanılabilir; ama, that kullanımı daha yaygındır.)
| I don’t know | what he bought (Ne aldığını bilmiyorum.) | ||
| (verb) | (noun clause) | ||
I don’t know the thing that he bought. (Aldığı şeyi bilmiyorum.)
(noun) (relative clause)
What he said wasn’t so important. (Ne dediği o kadar önemli değildi.)
(noun clause)
The thing that he said wasn’t so important. (Söylediği şey o kadar önemli değildi.)
(relative clause)
8-19 REDUCTION OF RELATIVE CLAUSES
Bir relative clause’u, anlamını hiç bozmadan, cümle olmaktan çıkarıp sözcük öbeği biçiminde kısaltabiliriz.
The boy who Is running towards us is my son.
The boy running towards us is my son.
The money which was stolen from the bank has been recovered.
The money stolen from the bank has been recovered.
Bir relative clause’u kısaltabilmemiz için, who, that, which sözcüklerinin relative clause’da özne durumunda bulunması gerekir. Yani, relative clause’un bu sözcüklerden başka bir öznesinin olmaması gerekir. Eğer varsa, o cümlede kısaltma yapamayız.
The boy who you met yesterday is my son. (kısaltılamağ whom you met yesterday
that you met yesterday
0 you met yesterday
The money which /lost last week has been recovered, (kisaltilamaz)
that I lost last week
0 / lost last week
Blr relative clause’u şu şekillerde kısaltabiliriz:
- Present participle
the boy running, the people waiting for the bus, a truck carrying passengers, etc.
Eğer relative clause’un tense’i, present continuous, past continuous, simple present ya da simple past tense ve yüklemi active ise kısaltmadapresent participlekullanılır.
The man who lives upstairs is making too much noise.
The man living upstairs is making too much noise.
The woman who Is talking to the teacher is my mother.
The woman talking to the teacher is my mother.
The customers who wanted to see the manager looked very angry.
The customers wanting to see the manager looked very angry.
The children who were playing in the rain seemed very happy.
The children playing in the rain seemed very happy.
It’s a school which employs both foreign and native teachers.
It’s a school employing both foreign and native teachers.
The tree which blocked the road was blown down by the storm.
The tree blocking the road was blown down by the storm.
Aynı kuralları göz önüne alarak, non-defining relative clause’larda da kısaltma yapabiliriz.
Kısaltılan bölümü yine virgülle cümlenin devamından ayırmamız gerekir.
Her parents, who expect her to get a high grade, will be disappointed if she can’t.
Her parents, expecting her to get a high grade, will be disappointed if she can’t.
Mary, who wanted to make an impression on the teacher, studied very hard.
Mary, wanting to make an impression on the teacher, studied very hard.
My son, who is playing with some children over there, is very sensitive.
My son, playing’with some children over there, is very sensitive.
- Past participle
the cake divided into two, the explanations made by the Prime Minister, etc.
Relative clause’un yüklemi passive ise kısaltmada past participle kullanılır.
The child who was punished by the teacher was standing in the corner.
The child punished by the teacher was standing in the corner.
I like to listen to songs which are sung in Turkish.
I like to listen to songs sung in Turkish.
Her husband, who was promoted to a higher position, will get more money.
Her husband, promoted to a higher position, will get more money.
- Be + adjective phrase
The girl who is happy with her exam result is smiling.
The girl happy with her exam result is smiling.
Anyone who is interested in animals can join our club.
Anyone interested in animals can join our club.
I need a box which is big enough to hold these books.
I need a box big enough to hold these books.
My car, which was much cheaper than yours, hasn’t caused me any trouble.
My car, much cheaper than yours, hasn’t caused me any trouble.
- Be + prepositional phrase
The books which are on the top shelf are difficult to reach.
The books on the top shelf are difficult to reach.
The people who were along both sides of the road were watching the parade.
The people along both sides of the road were watching the parade.
The students who are in the canteen must not be aware of the time.
The students in the canteen must not be aware of the time.
- To + Infinitive
The first, the second, the last, the only gibi ifadelerden sonra, bazen de super/aüve’lerdensonra relative clause “to do” biçiminde kısaltılabilir.
Yesterday, I was the last person who left the office.
Yesterday, I was the last person to leave the office.
(Dün bürodan en son ayrılan kişi bendim.)
I’m usually the first person who leaves the office.
I’m usually the Ûrst person to leave the office.
(Genellikle bürodan ilk ayrılan kişi ben olurum.)
Eğer relative clause’un yüklemi passive ise, kısaltmada passive infinitive “to be done” kullanılır.
The only man that was seen there that day was Mr Smith. The onfyman to be seen there that day was Mr Smith. (O gün orada görülen tek kişi Mr Smith idi.)
The best route that can be followed is through the woods.
The best route to be followed is through the woods.
(İzlenecek en iyi yol koruluktan geçendir.)
To + infinitive biçimindeki kısaltmayı something, anything, nothing, someone, anybody, etc. gibi sözcüklerden sonra, zorunluluk, gereklilik ifade ederken pek çok isimden sonra ve bazı modanarın yerine kullanabiliriz.
Would you like something that you can read?
Would you like something to read?
It’s cold outside. I need something that I can put on. I need something to put on.
There was nothing that we could eat.
There was nothing to eat.
I have a lot of work that I must do. I
have a lot of work to do.
Today, I will have many clients that I must deal with.
Today, I will have many clients to deal with.
We need a larger box that we can put these books in.
We need a larger box to put these books in.
The children need a playground that they can play in.
The children need a playground to play in.
- Reduction of Continuous Tenses in Passive Form
Relative clause’larda kısaltma yaparken, normalde “being’ kullanılmaz. Ancak, continuous tense’lerle passive eylem kullanılmışsa, eylemin sürerlik bildiren özelliğine dikkati çekmek için “being done” kullanılabilir.
The term which is currently being discussed at the board meeting was added to the agenda at the last moment.
The term currently being discussed at the board meeting was added to the agenda at the last moment.
(Yönetim kurulunda şu anda tartışılmakta olan madde gündeme son anda eklendi.)
Everybody was captured by the charm of the music which was being played so beautifully by the orchestra.
Everybody was captured by the charm of the music being played so beautifully by the orchestra, (…çalınmakta olan müziğin…)
ğ) Appositive Phrase
ApposltLve phrase, bir isme açıklık kazandırmak için, isimden sonra kullanılan bir isim ya dazamir grubudur. Appositive phrase, fazladan bilgi verdiği için, virgülle cümlenin devamından ayrılır.
Mr Jones, who is the headmaster of our school, is a very strict man.
Mr Jones, the headmaster of our school, is a very strict man.
İsmet İnönü, who was the second President of Turkey, was a contemporary of Atatürk’s.
İsmet İnönü, the second President of Turkey, was a contemporary of Atatürk’s.
Ankara, which is the capital city of Turkey, is better organized than Istanbul.
Ankara, the capital city of Turkey, is better organized than Istanbul.
Basketball, which is my favourite sport, attracts less interest than football.
Basketball, my favourite sport, attracts less interest than football.
- Non-defining relative phrase, bazen tanımladığı ismin önünde ya da cümlenin sonundayer alabilir. Özellikle /, he, she, they gibi kişi zamirlerini tanımlıyorsa, bu zamirin önünde yer alması yaygın bir kullanımdır.
She, who was once interested in rock music, now listens to classical. Once interested in rock music, she now listens to classical.(Birzamanlar rock müziğe ilgi duyan o şimdi klasikleri dinliyor.)
Today’s people, who aren’t thinking of the future generations, are
inconsiderately polluting the earth.
Today’s people, not thinking of the future generations, are inconsiderately
polluting the earth.
Not thinking of the future generations, today’s people are inconsiderately
polluting the earth.
Today’s people are inconsiderately polluting the earth, not thinking of the future generations.
(Gelecek nesilleri düşünmeyen günümüz insanı dünyayı saygısızca kirletiyor.)
8-20 CLEFT SENTENCES
- Cleft sentence Türkçe’ye “bölünmüş cümle” biçiminde çevrilebilir. İngilizce’de cleft sentence, basit ya da düz bir cümlenin bir bölümünü ya da bir öğesini vurgulamak için, cümleyi “clause” içerecek biçimde yeniden ifade etmektir. Bu cümle yapısında genellikle cümleye “it” ile başlanır ve devamında bir relative clause kullanılır.
Vurgulamak istediğimiz öğe insan ise, “It is/was someone who/that….”; insan dışında bir
varlık ise “It Is/was something that….” kalıbı kullanılır.
Nikola Tesla actually invented the radio, (simple statement) (Radyoyu aslında Nikola Tesla icat etti.) It was Nikola Tesla who/that actually invented the radio. (Radyoyu icat eden aslında Nikola Tesla idi.)
(= Nikola Tesla was the person who/that actually invented the radio.)
(= The person who/that actually invented the radio was Nikola Tesla.)
He gave his wife a necklace on their wedding anniversary. (Evlilik yıldönümlerinde karısına bir gerdanlık hediye etti.)
It was a necklace that he gave his wife on their wedding anniversary.
(Evlilik yıldönümlerinde karısına hediye ettiği bir gerdanlıktı.}
(= The present that he gave his wife on their wedding anniversary was a necklace.}
- Pseudo-cleft sentences diye adlandırılan ve cleft sentence gibi görünen yapılarda, vurgulanan öğeye göre who, what, where gibi sözcüklerle noun clause kullanmak da mümkündür.
Nazi Germany took Prague in March 1939.
Prague was the city that Nazi Germany took in March, 1939.
Prague was what Nazi Germany took in March, 1939.
The city that Nazi Germany took in March, 1939 was Prague.
What Nazi Germany took in March, 1939 was Prague.
It was Prague that Nazi Germany took in March, 1939.
World War II actually began in the Far East, when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937.
The Far East was actually (the place) where World War II began………..
(The place) where World War II actually began was the Far East, …..
World War II actually began on July 7, 1937, when Japan invaded China.
July 7, 1937 was (the day} when/the day that World War II actually began ….
(The day] when/The day that World War II actually began was July 7, 1937 ……….
- Cleft sentence ile fiilleri de vurgulayabiliriz.
Dogs bark.
What dogs do is (to) bark.
Samuel Beckett wrote several outstanding novels in addition to his more famous plays.
What Samuel Beckett did was (to) write several outstanding novels in additionto his more famous plays.
I have recently finished the introduction to my thesis.
What I have done recently is (to) finish the introduction to my thesis.
- Cleft sentence biçiminde bütün bir cümleyi de vurgulayabiliriz.
He caused an accident with his careless driving.
What happened is (that) he caused an accident with his careless driving.
Your dad will help you if you give him a kiss.
What will happen is (that) your dad will help you if you give him a kiss.
- Cleft sentence yapısında, vurgulanan öğe /, we, they, etc. gibi zamirler olabilir.
It was I who first made this suggestion.
that first made this suggestion, (daha çok “who” kullanılır.)
(Bu öneriyi ilk getiren bendim.)
It’s they who want to cancel the meeting.
that want to cancel the meeting.
(Toplantıyı iptal etmek isteyen onlar.)
MQTC …………………………………………………………………………………..
“It is/was ….” kalıbından sonra kural olarak subject pronoun (7, we, they,
he, she, etc.) kullanmak gerekir. Ancak Informal English’de object pronoun(me, us, them, him, her, etc.) kullanımı daha yaygındır.
It was me who/that first made this suggestion.
It’s them who/that want to cancel the meeting.
- Diğer vurgulu cleft sentence yapılarını şöyle sıralayabiliriz.
“All (that)” ve “the (only) thing (that)” gibi yapıların da cleft sentence biçiminde kullanımı yaygındır.
All (that) I want is a chance to prove that I am right.
(= 7 want a chance to prove that I am right and nothing else.)
AU (that) you need to do is (to) tie the two strings together. (= You need to tie the two strings together and nothing else.) (Bütün yapman gereken, iki ipi birbirine bağlamaktır.)
All (that) he’s done is (to) ruin my life!
(= He’s ruined my life!)
The onfy thing (that) I can recall is making a fool of myself. The onfy thing (that) I remember is that I made a fool of myself. (= 7 can recall/remember making a fool of myself and nothing else.)